Kusintha - iwo ... Mayiko chuma mu kusintha: mndandanda

Msika chuma ndi zikamera ake mu dziko lamakono - nkhani zovuta, ngati kuli kofunika kusanduliza kwathunthu ndi kusintha dongosolo kwa zaka zambiri. Koma n'zosatheka mofulumira kusintha chirichonse, kupanga kusinthidwa maganizo a mabungwe malonda, kulenga zolimbana ndi malamulo chimango. Kusintha - siteji ya chitukuko, kusintha ndipo kusinthika. Nthawi zonse zimatenga nthawi yaitali, imene nkhani zachuma adzakhala chisakanizo cha zinthu msika wamakono ndi lamulo utsogoleri. Izi kusintha mu chitukuko, osati opareshoni anakhazikitsa.

zinthu zofunika

Kusintha chuma - nthawi zonse masiyanidwe ndi mavuto ena omwe ali "osasinthika" chikhalidwe. Sikukoma mtima kokha kuphwanya mtendere wa dongosolo, kotero kuti iye akanakhoza ukabwerako mu muyezo, ndipo kwambiri imafoola izo. Economy kusintha ndi kulisiya ayenera kuyambitsa ena, dongosolo wolimba zachuma. Kusakhazikika Izi zimapangitsa makamaka zazikulu chitukuko. Komabe, kukula njakata, kuphatikiza akale ndi atsopano - nthawi zonse kutsutsana. Mu dera umoyo ndale, izi zimathandiza munthu Kukulitsa wa zotsutsana ndi mikangano chikhalidwe.

Nkhani monga mbali khalidwe

Ndi lamulo la mbiri - mbali yofunika ya dziko mu akafa mndandanda wa amene angapezeke kumapeto kwa nkhani ino. Kale mbali ya Soviet Union, kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, tsopano States palokha amakumana ndi mavuto amene ali ovuta kwambiri kuyitanitsa kuposa mayiko Latin American, monga Latin America kumene kunali kwambiri ndithu kukhazikitsa magulu msika. Choncho, ambiri a mabizinezi privatized si anayesedwa mu zikwi, koma mazana. Makamaka kusintha chuma - zosiyanasiyana za kuonekera zake zosiyanasiyana. M'pofunika kuganizira maboma onse chitukuko cha zolinga kusintha nkhani zachuma.

Features a chamoyo: inertia

Mayiko ndi chuma mu kusintha Mbali zambiri. Woyamba ndipo chopambana - ndi kupitiriza (inertia) a njira ubereki kuti kuthetsa luso msanga m'malo mitundu chuma alipo ena zofunika kwambiri. Ndi chifukwa inertia la kubalana awasungira kwa nthawi yaitali wakale asapita zachuma ndi mawonekedwe.

kuonetsa kukhudzika

Kusintha - nthawizonse ndi nthawi wopsinjika kwambiri. Ndi chinthu chachikulu mofulumira kwambiri ndi tima kukula kwa maubale atsopano pakati pa nzika za msika. Irreversibility wa kusanduka Iyamba kukhazikitsa kusintha zambiri. Economics ya kusintha silingayende bwino ndi imathandizira njira kusintha awo, ngati kukonza si umasinthasintha koma zochokera zamoyo zachilengedwe ndi kusintha dongosolo alipo.

mtundu m'dera

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zachuma Transitional, amene amasiyana chikhalidwe cha njira ndi sikelo yawo. Local yodziwika ndi chakuti boma kusintha Tingaone pa sikelo ya dera limodzi. Bukuli lili mbali ndi chitukuko m'goli m'madera osiyana. Chuma m kusintha - ndi chimake cha umodzi wa onse ndi wapadera. Monga wosiyana ngati njira mwatsatanetsatane UK, Germany ndi France.

Global mtundu

Izi umodzi ndondomeko kusintha ambiri chitukuko (kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa) ya zachuma. Poyamba, magulu awa imfayo m'mayiko olemera ndi chuma mu kusamba. Makhalidwe amene angabuke mu nkhani iyi, bwanji chitukuko cha njira kale megaekonomicheskih.

Chisinthiko kalembedwe zachilengedwe

mtundu uwu kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe njira chosakhalitsa padziko lonse. Komabe m'dera kusintha chuma akhoza anapanga mchikakamizo cha kusanduka achilengedwe. Ambiri, mitundu yonse ya kusintha chuma timatsatira lamulo la kusanduka achilengedwe.

Chisinthiko-zisinthe mtundu

Mtundu uwu wa kusintha kwa zachuma msika - ndi kugwirizana njira zosiyanasiyana kusinthika ndi mapulogalamu yosintha anthu. Komabe, malamulo a njira ya kusanduka mokwanira anasunga mu ndondomekoyi. Mtundu amayesetsa involuntarily inapita patsogolo ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha ndi kusinthika. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza Stolypin wa tsarist Russia.

malamulo Basic wa zamoyo zina

The Kuuma pang'onopang'ono kutaya kwa zoyamba zokomera - chuma lamulo, opondereza kukhazikika, mobisa msika, mthunzi wa bizinesi. Chinanso chofunika vekitala - ichi ndi chiyambi ubale wa chuma capitalist (chuma ano, zochokera pa msika ndi katundu payekha). Khalidwe socialization (kubwerera kwa dziko, gulu ndi mfundo mayiko a khalidwe chuma) ndi humanization chonse - maziko a ndondomeko chilichonse kusintha.

kusintha mosalephera

Pali kusintha zitatu zimene sizingasinthe ndipo zimachitika nyengo ya kusintha kwa: imfa ya malingaliro yekha chuma onse chuma akuluakulu onse, kuchepa kusinthika ndi mavuto bajeti. chito izi ndi khalidwe zambiri ndithu zoipa ndi tingasonyezere mavuto. Popeza gawo lalikulu la chuma amakhala payekha, boma watha mphamvu yake okhawo mu zachuma posankha zochita.

Ntchito zikuluzikulu za kukhazikitsidwa

Kusintha - kuipidwa ndondomeko ya kulenga mtundu watsopano wa dongosolo, kugonjetsa zolakwa woyambawo ndi kuonetsetsa tichepetse kukula. mavuto amenewa, monga kuchepetsa zokolola, kukula kwa kufufuma ndi ulova, chifukwa cha kusintha mu dongosolo la zachuma. Choncho kofunika kupeza njira yothetsera ntchito zotsatirazi:
1. Financial ndi mawu olimba a zachuma kudzera mu ndondomeko ndalama.
2. wamba ndi denationalization amakampani kumabungwe osiyanasiyana kupanga ndi chitukuko cha mpikisano ndi entrepreneurship.
3 De-monopolization - chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa mapangidwe mpikisano msika. Development a dongosolo zofunikila pa Kuphatikizana, yocheperapo owona wogwila.

liberalization

Pulogalamu ya mayiko ndi chuma mu akafa mwapadera ayenera ya liberalization za mitengo, omwe akanati kotunga moyenera ndi anthu, kuthetsa kuchepekedwa ndi kulenga zinthu mpikisano. Pali njira ziwiri kusintha awa:
1. pang'onopang'ono, kuti lakonzedwa kwa nthawi yaitali, liberalization.
2. kwakukulu, ndiye zikuluzikulu ndi oyamba mofulumira kusintha latsopano, umatchedwa "mankhwala mantha".
M'pofunikanso kusamalira zomangamanga msika monga dongosolo la mabungwe a zachuma, kulenga wolimba kuteteza moyo.

Features ya kusintha dongosolo zachuma

katundu ufulu ndi yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha msika chuma free, koma makamaka mu chuma kusintha. Mwini wake yekha akhoza mosadalira kusankha zofunika ndiponso kuwayang'anira zotsatira. Amalonda mukuyesa kuwonjezera katundu, monga amapereka osiyanasiyana m'madera malonda Kusankha ndi mitengo, kumene kumakhudza ndalama. Kusintha - dongosolo kumatanthauza ubale:
- pa levers chachikulu cha chikoka mu manja a ma sheya hoda zazikulu ndi mkulu wa ndende likulu padera;
- anatsatira ambiri minda ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe ku umwini payekha kapena kampani;
- zofunika udindo ankaimba ndi katundu oyang'anira tauni ndi boma.

Mayiko ndi mtundu Transitional a zachuma

M'mayiko izi zikuchitika onse kusintha pamwamba ndi kusintha. Mayiko ndi mtundu Transitional a zachuma ku Eastern Europe - ndi zambiri anthu amene kale anali Soviet Union. Zikuphatikizapo: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Moldova, Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Komanso mu Europe chapakati pali mayiko ndi mtundu Transitional, amene akhala mumpingo zokomera: Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Albania, Slovenia. Mu moyo ndale za mayiko amenewa ndi mbali ya atumiki. M'mayiko ena m'gulu la European Union, ena mpaka kukhala ziwalo za NATO. Mayiko ndi chuma mu akafa linanena pamwamba, pa mphindi ambiri a iwo ali mu mkhalidwe chisanadze mavuto. Mu nineties atumwi, anayamba kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma kuchokera pakati anakonza. mofulumira kwambiri, kusintha izi kuyamba mu Poland, pang'onopang'ono mu Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia, pang'onopang'ono - mu Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria ndi Belarus.