Kugalukira ku Poland wa 1830-1831: zimayambitsa nkhondo, zotsatira za

Mu 1830 - 1831 zaka. kumadzulo kwa Russian Ufumu anagwedeza kugalukira ku Poland. National nkhondo inayamba ndi maziko a siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu ake, komanso ulimi mu maiko ena a World Old. mawu anali kuletsedwa, koma Echo ake kwa zaka zambiri kufalitsa ku Ulaya ndipo anali zotsatira kwambiri chosefukira kwa mbiri Russia a m'bwalo lonse.

prehistory

Mbali yaikulu ya Poland anali linalanda ndi Russia mu 1815, malinga ndi Congress wa Vienna pambuyo nkhondo Napoleonic. boma latsopano analengedwa kuti ungwiro wa ndondomeko ya malamulo. Kumene anayambitsa Ufumu wa Poland wapangana ndi Russian mgwirizano munthu. Malinga pomwepo Mfumu Alexander I, zimenezi anali kukondera wololera. Dziko anapitiriza malamulo ake, asilikali ndi Zakudya, amene sanali m'madera ena a mu ufumuwo. Tsopano mfumu Russian ankavala komanso mutu wa mfumu Polish. Mu Warsaw, iye anali kuimiriridwa ndi kazembe wapadera.

Polish chiwembu anali kokha nkhani ya nthawi pamene ndondomeko anali St. Petersburg. Alexander I ankadziwika kuti liberalism wake, ngakhale kuti sangathe kusankha kusintha kwambiri Russia, kumene kunali malo amphamvu ya anthu otchuka ndiwofatsa. Choncho mfumu kuzindikira ntchito zawo wofuna mu ufumu dziko msewu - mu Poland ndi Finland. Komabe, ngakhale ndi zolinga ambiri chosaopsa a Alexander I zinthu zowoneka zodabwitsa kwambiri. Mu 1815, adampatsa Ufumu wa Poland owolowa manja malamulo, koma anachita akamenyane ufulu wa nzika za mu zaka zingapo, pamene iwo anali kugwiritsa ntchito kudziyimira pawokha awo anayamba kuika atayankhula mu gudumu la malamulo a akazembe Russian. Choncho 1820, a Seimas sanathetse mayesero loweruza, zimene Alexander ankafuna.

Atatsala pang'ono kufufuza kuyambirira unayamba mu ufumu. Zonsezi likuyandikira chabe kugalukira ku Poland. Zaka kugalukira Polish zinachitika mu nthawi ya conservatism mu malamulo a ufumuwo. Chisoni analamulira kudutsa dzikoli. Pamene Poland yolimbirana ufulu m'maiko chapakati Russia anali zachiwawa zonse kolera chifukwa cha mliri kwaokha.

njira ya mkuntho

Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Nicholas Ine sanalonjeze mizati machimo iliyonse. The watsopano mfumu ulamuliro ndi zimasonyeza anayamba ndi kumangidwa ndiponso chilango Decembrists. Mu Poland, azungu walimbikitsa kukonda dziko lako ndi odana ndi Russian kuyenda. Mu 1830 ku France panali July utasintha amene anagonjetsa Charles X, zomwe zina okondwa olimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu.

Pang'onopang'ono, nationalists anapambana thandizo la alonda ambiri otchuka tsarist (mwa iwo anali General Iosif Hlopitsky). The maganizo chosintha kufalitsa kwa antchito ophunzira. Kumanja Bank Ukraine anakhala ambiri amakhumudwa chowakhumudwitsa. Part wa Zitsulo ankakhulupirira kuti mayiko amenewa a iwo ndi lolondola, popeza iwo anali gawo la Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth, kugawidwa pakati Russia, Austria ndi Prussia mu m'ma XVIII.

Bwanamkubwa wa Ufumuwo ndiye Konstantin Pavlovich - m'bale mkulu wa Nicholas Ine, amasiya wachifumu atamwalira Alexander I. The achiwembuwo adalikupita kumupha chotero apereke chizindikiro kwa dziko kuyamba chiwawa. Komabe, kugalukira ku Poland mobwerezabwereza kulephereka. Konstantin Pavlovich ankadziwa za kuopsa ndi sanadzisiyira nyumba yake mu Warsaw.

Pakali pano, ku Ulaya, kunabuka wina zisinthe - nthawi ngati ino Belgium. Catholic French olankhula gawo la anthu Dutch anali mokomera ufulu. Nicholas Ine, amene ankatchedwa "gendarme a ku Ulaya" mu Ndondomeko ake analengeza kukanidwa kwake pomwepo Belgium. Mu Poland panali mphekesera zoti Mfumu adzatumiza gulu lake lankhondo kupondereza kupanduka kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Pakuti okayika za okonza chiwembu mfuti Warsaw, uthenga uwu unali udzu komaliza. kugalukira anauika kuti November 29, 1830.

Yambani chipolowe

Pa 6 koloko madzulo pa tsiku anasankha munthu gulu zida anaukira Warsaw m'misasa pamene iwo anaima alonda Lancers. Iwo anayamba kuphedwa kwa alonda amene anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa mphamvu wachifumu. Mwa anthu amene anaphedwa anali Nduna ya nkhondo Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich ankakhulupirira kuti Pole ndi dzanja lake lamanja. bwanamkubwa yekha anapulumutsidwa. Anachenjeza chitetezo anathawa ku nyumba yake osati kale pamenepo adawonekera kwa kumuwombera Polish, adamfunsa mutu wake. Atachoka Warsaw, Constantine anabweretsa asilikali Russian kunja kwa mzinda. Popeza Warsaw anali kwathunthu mmanja mwa opandukawo.

Tsiku lotsatira anayamba mu Polish reshuffle boma - Bungwe la Administrative. Kulamazere zovomereza-Russian akuluakulu onse. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga bwalo ndi atsogoleri a asilikali a kugalukira lapansi. Mmodzi wa atchulidwa anakhala msilikali General Iosif Hlopitsky, omwe mwachidule osankhidwa ndi wankhanza. Pa atasemphana lonse, iye anayesera mwakukhoza monga iye akanakhoza kukambirana ndi Russian njira za mgwirizano wa mayiko, monga momwe ine ndikumvera kuti Zitsulo sangathe kulimbana ndi khamu lonse lachifumu, kukachitika kuti adzatumizidwa kupondereza kupanduka. Józef Chłopicki ankaimira phiko lamanja la opandukawo. zofuna zawo anali kusanduka kukondera ndi Nicholas Ine, potengera malamulo a 1815.

mtsogoleri wina anali Michael Radziwill. malo ake wakhala zosiyana. More kwakukulu opandukawo (kuphatikizapo izo) anakonza reconquer Poland, anagawa pakati Austria, Prussia ndi Russia. Komanso, iwo ankaona zisinthe zawo monga mbali ya chiwembu Europe lonse (mfundo yaikulu Buku anali July utasintha). N'chifukwa chake Zitsulo anali kulankhula ambiri ndi French.

zokambirana

Warsaw anakhala patsogolo pa nkhani ya wamkulu watsopano. Pa December 4 chiwembu mu Poland anasiya wosaiwalika yofunika - analengedwa ndi Provisional boma, wopangidwa mwa anthu asanu ndi awiri. mutu wake anakhala Adam Czartoryski. Iye anali bwenzi wabwino wa Alexander Ine, anali membala wa komiti lake zobisika, ndiponso anatumikira monga mtumiki yachilendo ya Russia mu 1804 - 1806 zaka.

Ngakhale izi tsiku lotsatira Józef Chłopicki kuti iye ndi wankhanza. Zakudya wapanga ndi iye, koma watsopano mtsogoleri chithunzi anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu Choncho, Nyumba ya Malamulo anayenera abwerere. Józef Chłopicki sanakhazikike pa mwambo ndi adani. Maganizo mphamvu zonse m'manja mwake. Pambuyo zochitika za November 29 St. Petersburg anatumizidwa negotiators. The mbali Polish akufuna malamulo ake, komanso phindu mu mawonekedwe a zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu mu Belarus ndi Ukraine. Nicholas sanagwirizane ndi mawu awa, kokha kulonjezedwa Amnesty. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti escalation zina za kusagwirizanako.

January 25, 1831 anatengera kusamvana pa detronizatsii Russian mfumu. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, Ufumu wa Poland silinalinso lokhuzana Nicholas titulature. Ndipo kutatsala masiku ochepa Józef Chłopicki watwya mphamvu ndipo kumanzere kupita kunkhondo. Iye anazindikira kuti Europe si awathandiza lotsegula la Poland, ndipo izo zimatanthauza kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa zigawenga za layandikira. Zakudya wakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Yamalamulo anapambana wamkulu Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. Zida akazembe akhala anataya. Tsopano kugalukira Polish 1830 - 1831 zaka. Anamuuza m'njira imeneyi mkangano akhoza anatsimikiza okha mwankhondo.

The bwino mphamvu

Ndi February 1831 opandukawo anakwanitsa anaitana khamu zikwi 50 anthu. chiwerengerochi pafupifupi chikufanana chiwerengero cha asilikali amene anatumizidwa ku Poland Russia. Komabe, khalidwe mayunitsi mongodzipereka anali ochepa kwambiri. Nkhani makamaka mabvuto anali zida zankhondo ndi apakavalo. Kupondereza November kugalukira ku St. Petersburg anatumiza Chiwerengero Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Zochitika mu Warsaw zitsulo ufumu mosayembekezereka. Kuti kumvana magulu onse okhulupirika ku zigawo kumadzulo kwa ndime chofunika 2 - 3 miyezi.

Iyo inali nthawi ya mtengo wapatali, limene Zitsulo analibe nthawi ntchito. Józef Chłopicki kuika pa mutu wa asilikali sankafuna kumenyana woyamba, ndipo anabalalitsidwa magulu awo m'misewu zawo zofunika kwambiri m'madera m'manja mwawo. Nthawiyi Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky alemba ntchito asilikali watsopano. Ndi February iye anali ndi mfuti inali cha m'ma 125 zikwi anthu. Komabe, analakwitsa losakhululukidwa. Akufulumira anakantha yokhala wotchuka uja sanatenge nthawi kukonza mayendedwe a chakudya ndi zipolopolo kwa asilikali omwe patapita nthawi anachititsa kungasokoneze moyo wake.

Grochowski nkhondo

Woyamba asilikali Russian anawoloka malire Polish, February 6, 1831. Mbali anasamukira ku madera osiyana. The apakavalo molamulidwa ndi Kipriana Kreytsa anapita m'chigawo Lublin. Lamulo Russian anakonza kuti angakonze zosangalatsa umene ukuyenera potsiriza kumwazikana magulu ankhondo. Mitundu-kumasulidwa kugalukira kwenikweni anayamba malinga chiwembu, yabwino akazembe lachifumu. Angapo magulu Polish anapita Serock ndi Pultusk, akuthawa mphamvu zazikulu.

Koma mwadzidzidzi nyengo linalowererapo mu msonkhano. M'firiji pamtunda anayamba, amene chinalepheretsa waukulu Russian asilikali anakonza kupita njira. Dibich anali kukhota lakuthwa. February 14 asilikali ankamenyana Yuzefa Dvernitskogo ndi General Fedora Geysmara. The Zitsulo anapambana. Ndipo ngakhale iye analibe makamaka kufunika njira, woyamba bwino noticeable ouziridwa militias. Polish kugalukira anatenga chosadziwika.

Asilikali chachikulu cha anthu opanduka pafupi tawuni anaima Olszynka Grochowska kutetezera njira kuti Warsaw. Zinali pano pa February 25 ndipo anali woyamba anamanga nkhondo. Zitsulo analamula Radzvill ndi Józef Chłopicki, Russian - Dibich-Zabalkansky, chaka isanayambe msonkhano anakhala m'munda polimbana. Nkhondoyi inatenga tsiku lonse ndipo zinatha mochedwa yekha madzulo. zomvetsa anali pafupifupi chimodzimodzi (kwa Zitsulo 12 zikwi anthu, mu Russian 9000). opandukawo anakakamizika abwerere ku Warsaw. Ngakhale asilikali Russian akwaniritsa chigonjetso mwatsatanetsatane, zomvetsa zake kuposa mmene ankaganizira. Komanso, zipolopolo anakhuthuka, ndi Nyamulani sikunali kotheka chifukwa misewu zoipa ndi kusokonezeka kwa njira zolankhulirana. Mu zinthu izi Dibich sanayese n'komwe kukathyola Warsaw.

Papayu Zitsulo

Pafupifupi unaima miyezi iwiri asilikali. kusiyana tsiku linaphulika mu mzinda wa Warsaw. Asilikali Russian chifukwa zinthu osauka ukhondo anayamba kolera mliri. Pa nthawi yomweyo kudutsa dziko anali zigawenga nkhondo. Kwenikweni lamulo lomwelo la Polish Army ku Michael Radzvilla ankadutsa General Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Iye anaganiza kuukira detachment molamulidwa ndi m'bale mfumu Mikhail Pavlovich ndi General Karl Bistrom, amene anali pafupi ndi Ostrołęka.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Regiment 8000th anatumizidwa kukumana Dibich. Iye ankayenera kuti achotse waukulu Russian asilikali. Zitsulo molimba mchitidwe Tinadabwa kwa mdani. Mikhail Pavlovich ndi Kwapamwamba ndi alonda ake anabwerera. Dibich ankakhulupirira kuti Zitsulo anaganiza kuukira, mpaka iye anapeza kuti anthu analanda Nur.

Nkhondo pa Ostrołęka

May 12 waukulu Russian asilikali anasiya nyumba zawo kuti akakokoloredwe kumanzere Warsaw Zitsulo. Chizunzo zinachitikadi masabata awiri. Pomaliza mmwamba ndi avant-garde Polish kumbuyo. Popeza 26. sikunathe nkhondo ya Ostroleka, amene anali yanthaŵi zofunika kwambiri la msonkhano. Zitsulo nawo Narew. Woyamba amphamvu Russian anali anaukira ndi detachment pa gombe kumanzere. Opandukawo anayamba abwerere mopupuluma. mphamvu Dibicha anawoloka Narew Ostroleka palokha, pambuyo potsiriza chitakonzedwa mzinda wa zigawenga. Iwo ankafuna angapo kuukira nkhondo, koma khama lawo anabwera kanthu. Kuyenda patsogolo pa Zitsulo mobwerezabwereza kumenya ndi detachment molamulidwa ndi General Charles Mandershterna.

Ndi isanayambike theka lachiwiri la tsiku kuti agwirizane reinforcements Russian kuti tinaganiza zotsatira za nkhondo. Wa 30 zikwi Zitsulo anafa pafupi 9000. Mwa anthu amene anaphedwa anali a asilikali Kamenski ndi Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Isanayambike mdima anathandiza zotsala za opandukawo anagonjetsa kuthawa ku likulu.

Kugwa kwa Warsaw

Pa June 25, mkulu watsopano wa Russian asilikali Poland anakhala Werengerani Ivan Paskevich. Mu cholowa chake chinali 50 000 anthu. Mu St. Petersburg, ndi Chiwerengero anafuna kuti amalize kugonjetsedwa kwa Poland, ndi ulesi iwo Warsaw. Mu opandukawo mu likulu inali pafupi 40 zikwi anthu. Woyamba mayeso aakulu kwa Paskevich anali Kuoloka kwa Vistula mtsinje. Anaganiza kugonjetsa chotchinga madzi pafupi ndi malire a dziko Prussia. Ndi July 8 ndizi anamaliza. Pankhaniyi, opandukawo sankaona vuto lililonse patsogolo Russian, kubetcherana pa ndende ya mphamvu zake mu Warsaw.

Kumayambiriro August, ku likulu Polish panali reshuffle wina. nthawi iyi, mmalo agonjetsedwa ndi Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo anakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu Heinrich Dembinski. Komabe, anatula pansi pambuyo uthenga woti asilikali Russian kale anawoloka Vistula. Mu Warsaw, chisokonezo, ndi chisokonezo. Kuphedwa chadzidzidzi ndi anthu achiwawa, wovuta kupereka asilikali udindo zoipa amapha.

August 19 Paskevich anabwera m'tauni. Milungu iwiri inachitika pokonzekera akanthe. mayunitsi munthu anagwira m'tauni yapafupi potsiriza anazungulira likulu. The itachita wa Warsaw anayamba pa September 6, pamene oyenda Russian anaukira mzere za malinga anamangidwira kuletsa nkhondo. Pankhondo imeneyi anavulala mkulu Paskevich. Komabe, chigonjetso Russian zinali zosachita kufunsa. 7 General Krukovetsky anachokera ku asilikali 32000th, amene anathawa kumadzulo. September 8 Paskevich anabwera Warsaw. likulu analandidwa. Kugonjetsedwa kumanzere anamwazikana magulu a zigawenga wakhala nkhani ya nthawi.

zotsatira

Otsiriza Polish mapangidwe asilikali anathawira ku Prussia. October 21, anagonja kwa Zamosc, ndi opanduka anataya mphamvu yawo yomaliza. Zisanachitike, anayamba yaikulu ndi wopupuluma emigration alonda wopanduka asilikali ndi mabanja awo. Mabanja ochuluka anakhazikika France ndi England. Anthu ambiri ngati Yan Skrzhinetsky anathawira ku Austria. Ku Ulaya, dziko kumasulidwa kuyenda mu Poland, kampaniyo anali moni ndi chisoni ndi chifundo.

The Polish chiwembu cha 1830 - 1831 zaka. Chinapangitsa chakuti asilikali Polish linathetsedwa. Akuluakulu anachititsa kusintha utsogoleri mu ufumu. Province mukanalankhula pa munda. Komanso mu Poland panali ambiri ndi zina zonse za dongosolo Russian wa poyeza, komanso ndalama yomweyo. Lisanaperekedwe, kumanja banki Ukraine anali pansi mwamphamvu chikhalidwe komanso ya chipembedzo chikoka anansi ake kumadzulo. Tsopano mu St. Petersburg tasankha kupasuka Chigiriki Katolika. "N'zabodza" Chiyukireniya maparishi anali mwina chatsekedwa kapena Orthodox.

Kwa anthu a limati kumadzulo, Nicholas ndinakhala kwambiri mogwirizana ndi fanizo la wolamulira ndi despot. Ngakhale boma wakhala si mwalamulo anawachonderera kuti opandukawo, ndi Echo wa zochitika Polish kwa zaka zambiri kutumizidwa ku World Old. Akuthawa kwawo zachita zochuluka maganizo a anthu za Russia analola ku Ulaya kuti seamlessly kuyamba Crimea nkhondo Nicholas.