Kufanizitsa wa mayiko olemera ndi m'mayiko osauka

limati masiku ano zambiri ogaŵikana anayamba ndi osauka. Woyamba pachikhalidwe ankamuona ngati atsogoleri a zachuma, wachiwiri - mmene angagwiritsire ntchito kuti ayenerere udindo chogwirizana. Koma kodi mfundo za limati zosiyanasiyana mu anayamba ndi osauka? Potero mwina kuchepetsa backlog a mayiko ena pa zina?

Mfundo za gulu zamalonda m'mayiko

Choncho, masiku ano chuma allocated ndi olemera ndi kupanga maiko osiyanasiyana. Pamaziko a zimene i alandiridwa gulu ili? A njira imeneyi lalembedwa makope UN Economic ndi Council Social. Muyeso zofunika bungwe la akatswiri a gulu la - mmene chuma cha dziko la boma i msika ndi ntchito ndalama: .. GDP pa munthu, mlingo wa mafakitale zamakono, khalidwe la mabungwe chikhalidwe, etc. Pali njira IMF, chimene gulu ankaona m'mayiko ( "anayamba ndi kukulitsa") si ntchito, m'malo mchitidwe kulozera linati zabwino ndi kuti asagwe mu gulu ili.

Pali ena, makhalidwe amene salola kulipira utsogoleri aliyense boma. Mwachitsanzo, ambiri mavuto zaziwerengero m'mayiko olemera ndi osauka omwe ali ofanana. Mofanana ndi choncho komanso ndi zinthu nyengo, malo - nthawi zina maiko otukuka vuto pankhani zimenezi kuposa m'mayiko osauka.

m'mayiko olemera

Tsopano anayamba anavomereza kuti boma la kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, USA, Canada, Israeli, ku Asia - Japan, Korea South, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia ndi ku New Zealand. limati awa ndi pa munthu GDP wa osachepera 30 chikwi. madola, khola chuma, mkulu mlingo wa mabungwe chikhalidwe. Kutsogolera mawu chuma ndi ndale, umatchedwa dziko la "Big Zisanu ndi ziwiri" - US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Canada ndi Japan. Pa maiko G7 nkhani pafupifupi 50% ya GDP dziko.

The kulunjika kwa chuma anayamba

Pulogalamu ndi kupanga maiko osiyana, poyamba pa zonse, zazikulu za citukuko zizindikiro. Umene madera a mtundu woyamba n'zotheka kukhala atsogoleri? Malinga anthu ambiri Baibulo, ziwerengero GDP m'mayiko olemera kuposa m'mayiko chifukwa zifukwa ziwiri: kupezeka kwa likulu (sipangakhalenso padera kumabungwe osiyanasiyana ndipo potero zimathandiza kuti bwino chuma), komanso chilungamo msika (kotero kuti chimodzi kapena chimzake ntchito gawo ali ofunikira ogula kufunika).

Kapangidwe chenicheni cha chuma m'mayiko otukuka, monga taonera ndi ofufuza ena, si ankaganiza osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Norway ndi GDP ananena wamphamvu kudalira mafuta katundu. Komabe, kutsindika kwambiri kutukula nchito okhudzidwa Norway - si vuto chifukwa cha khama la misika chofunika, komanso chifukwa kukhalapo mu dziko ndi nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri.

Udindo wa mabungwe transnational

kusiyana kwambiri m'mayiko otukuka angadzayambe kuti mu madera a mtundu choyamba otsogolera ankaimba ndi mabungwe transnational. Ndipotu, ambiri ulemu ntchito ndiyo omasukirana a yachilendo misika kwa mayiko a ziwalo gulu. m'mayiko osauka sikuti nthawi zonse izi. Mosiyana ndi maiko ena olemera ochokera m'mayiko osauka - kufunika udindo wa mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe. Small makampani - ndi munazipereka, kuchepetsa katundu chikhalidwe pa State (nzika ntchito okha kuyamba bizinesi, ndi kutenga ntchito za ena), ndipo kachiwiri, ichi ndi zothandiza zina kutolera misonkho.

Kufunika kwa mabungwe chikhalidwe

Pulogalamu ya mayiko ndi kupanga maiko amasiyana pa mlingo wa chikhalidwe mabungwe - chilamulo, anthu oyendetsa maphunziro. Mu madera a mtundu woyamba nthawi akuyendera dongosolo mokwanira ogwira malamulo optimally Chili zofunika njira malamulo ndi mabizinesi lopanda mwambo zosafunika. The boma kwambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa oyamba a mabungwe demokalase - motsindika chitukuko cha mundondomeko yoyenera pa m'deralo, mlingo m'deralo, osati pa dziko. The chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri kukhala udindo wa chitukuko cha boma - mpikisano dongosolo maphunziro. kukhalapo kwake Mzimuyo mapangidwe ndodo yabwino amene adzakhala mwachindunji nawo wamakono wa chuma ndiponso kukhalabe udindo wake wotukuka kwambiri.

The boma udindo mu patsogolo chuma

Pamwamba tinaona kuti m'mayiko olemera ndi m'mayiko osauka zosiyana kuti mu malo oyamba - anthu ambiri mabizinesi payekha. Komabe, kwambiri yoyenera mtundu wa mayiko kwambiri yofunika ankaimba ndi boma mabungwe kukhazikitsa zofunika zachuma kusintha. Cholinga chachikulu cha zinthu izi kwa akuluakulu - mapangidwe zinthu mulingo woyenera malonda chofunika ndalama mauthenga onse mkati boma ndi abwenzi ake malonda. Boma zonse chuma kudzera zawo nawo malonda njira kudzera boma akumeneko makampani kapena kukhazikitsa ena malamulo mundondomeko.

The liberalization wa chuma anayamba

Yofunika kwambiri mbali ya zachuma dongosolo otukuka boma - lotseguka yachilendo misika. Izi unkagwiritsidwa aufulu kufika kwa gulu la zachuma dongosolo ambiri m'mayiko a yoyenera mtundu. Komabe, dziko ayenera kukhala wokonzeka kulankhulana mwakhama misika ya kunja, makamaka mbali ya mpikisano wa katundu opangidwa ndi mabizinezi zoweta.

Impact ya kudalirana pa mayiko olemera ndi osauka chikutanthauza kungakhale yosiyana. Boma la mtundu woyamba, kawirikawiri ndinazolowera zikhalidwe mpikisano wa msika lonse, kotero, akhoza omasuka akukhala chuma ayenera nthawi zonse bwino kuti apereke zinthu zabwino ndi ntchito. m'mayiko osauka chifukwa cha zotheka shortfalls likulu ndipo - chifukwa - mlingo wa manufacturability si nthawi zonse akhoza kupikisana misika ya kunja.

m'mayiko osauka

Akatswiri kudziwa za 100 States, akhoza zimachitika m'gulu yoyenera. Pali ambiri muyezo umene dziko akhoza chimatanthauza osauka. Dziwani kuti mawu amenewa angatanthauze maziko zina gulu. Mwachitsanzo, mwa mayiko osauka kuonetsetsa kusintha - iwo amene nkhani zachuma kwa nthawi yaitali anayamba pamodzi mfundo za sosholizimu. Mayiko amenewa akuphatikizapo Russia. ndi kovuta kuti m'kagulu malinga ndi muyezo wa taonera China. Mfundo yakuti China - boma chikominisi - amaphatikizidwa zinthu za onse kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ndi lamulo utsogoleri.

Imodzi mwa mfundo mupezeke m'mayiko osauka akhoza zimachitika mlingo wofanana wa pa munthu GDP. Komabe, si chuma chonse amaona zolondola. Popeza kuti m'mayiko ena Middle East - mwachitsanzo, mu Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain - GDP pa munthu, kuposa mayiko ambiri otukuka European. Komabe, mayiko Komabe, wachinsinsi monga m'mayiko osauka. Choncho, ambiri akatswiri Mukukonda ena i kusiyanitsa olemera ndi kupanga maiko osiyanasiyana.

Mwa malo wamba - mlingo wa chitukuko mabungwe chikhalidwe. Izi chinthu, chuma ndikukhulupirira, zavuta Kutanthauzira kukana, nayenso, chuma dongosolo la dziko. Ndiko kuti, mwachitsanzo, inefficient makonzedwe a ndale a dziko ndi otsika khalidwe la lamulo malamulo a GDP apamwamba a boma mwina kuchepetsedwa chifukwa chikoka cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana (kutsutsa kuti mwina pa nkhani ya kumanga mabungwe amphamvu chikhalidwe).

Ena chuma amakhulupirira kuti nkhani zachuma a boma ayenera ngakhale mitundumitundu, koma - zofunika kwambiri - osachepera zochokera mafakitale angapo ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, chuma cha mayiko ena Middle East komabe kungathandize kwambiri pa gawo mafuta kuti zinagwira ofufuza za sanalembe nawo m'gulu la mayiko olemera.

I mupezeke la Russia m'mayiko

Pa maziko a zimene i kukulitsa States ndi ku Russia? Pankhaniyi tikhoza kulankhula za kupanda kugwilizana chitukuko m'dziko lathu mu mawu a pa munthu GDP. Tsopano iye ali pafupi 24 madola zikwi -. Pa kugula mphamvu parity. Amafuna osachepera 30 chikwi. Kuti agwirizane udindo wa dziko anayamba pa muyezo izi.

Pankhani mabungwe chikhalidwe, wakudza kwa ziyenera a Mabaibulo awo Russian ndi osiyana kwambiri. Pali ofufuza amene amakhulupirira kuti boma ndi malamulo mu Russia ndi amene akufunika thandizo wamakono. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti Russian chiwembu cha lamulo malamulo a chuma ndi mulingo woyenera boma - polingalira mbali yake mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe. Kuti n'zimene yosavuta chito malamulo a mayiko anayamba mwina adzakhala opanda mphamvu.

Ku maganizo a udindo mu chuma amakampani ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe ka ntchito RF bwinobwino ndipo si odziwika kwambiri kuposa anthu zomwe M'mayiko ambiri olemera ndi osauka. Mwina ndi chifukwa yaitali mu Soviet Union, pamene payekha malonda zinali zoletsedwa. Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito yomanga izi sitingazipeze pena anayamba ufulu msika mu Russia koma gulu lalikulu la anthu amalonda.

Ponena za mwayi Russian Federation misika dziko - zochitika zandale posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti akhoza chongopeka okha limati Western. Chifukwa, Russia loyang'anizana ntchitoyo - kulenga misika yatsopano okha. Kodi wathu boma, zikuoneka, ndipo kukwatira, yomaliza latsopano mapangano ndi BRICS mayiko kukulira limodzi ndi Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia ndi Kyrgyzstan mgwirizano mu chimango cha EAEC.

Russia angapo matekinoloje wapadera - makamaka kuti zingaoneke pa chitsanzo cha dera lankhondo. Ambiri mwa zosankha zogwirizana ndi achinyamata ochepa kwambiri mu West - mwachitsanzo, inakwaniritsidwa ndege 5 m'badwo. Malinga ndi muyezo ichi, ku Russia ndi gulu la mayiko omwe akutukuka monga, ndithudi, kovuta. The Russian anapanga zitsanzo zina zambiri za mankhwala zina zamakono - monga mapurosesa "Elbrus", chiwerengero cha magawo mwanjira iliyonse tchipisi otsika kuchokera Intel ndi AMD.

Koma mlingo wa osiyana zachuma, monga taonera pamwambapa, ngakhale m'mayiko ambiri otukuka, muyezo si anakumana. Choncho, odziwika bwino kudalira la zogulitsa kunja mafuta Russian - imeneyi mwina si chinthu chachikulu chakuti dziko lathu sanayambebe zokhudzana ndi chitukuko.

Komabe, monga taonera ndi chuma ambiri, kukula zina za chuma cha dziko la Chitaganya cha Russia likuvutika gawo adzakhala sizingatheke - woyamba, chifukwa mitengo mafuta ndi osadalirika, ndipo kachiwiri, kuti kwambiri kuonjezera kupanga ake Russian kudzakhala kovuta. Choncho ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zina mafakitale.

Kupeza misika yatsopano zogwirizana onse

Koma onani kuti posachedwapa momasuka m'misika - vuto m'mayiko olemera ndi osauka. Kaya angathe mbali makamaka, m'kupita kwanthawi amakhala atatopa. Ngakhale maiko ambiri anayamba kufufuza misika yatsopano. ntchito yeniyeni kungakhale amene apanga gawo mafakitale. M'mayiko onse otukuka ndi osauka ndi gawo yaikulu ya GDP mu makampani mafakitale, monga ulamuliro, osewera nthawi zonse mabizinesi amene angathe kupereka msika lonse mankhwala mpikisano. Choncho, kupezeka kwa chuma - muyezo umene uli wofunika kwa chitukuko cha mayiko onse anakambirana mitundu pankhani kuthetsa mavuto monga kufunafuna misika yatsopano.

Choncho, malinga ndi ofala chuma yofanana ndi gulu la zachitika, osauka, mayiko kusintha. Nthawi zina, malire pakati pawo n'kovuta kupeza - mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya mayiko ndi GDP chachikulu, koma osati angwiro, monga muyezo Western, mabungwe chikhalidwe. Nthawi zina, chuma anayamba ndi dziko losauka akhoza kukhala zambiri zokhala ndi mawu a kupezeka mu otsiriza ena umisiri wapadera.

Komabe, chomvetsa masiku ano padziko lonse chuma dongosolo ndi chotero kuti mlingo wa zachuma chitukuko maiko pali osiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mukhoza kudziwa zifukwa backwardness wa State zinthu zina zachuma. Gonjetsani iwo adzakhala chinsinsi Kuwonjezera mphamvu ya zachuma kukula ndi zotheka mupezeke osankhika gulu otukuka.