Kudalirana - ndi mutualistic mitundu ubwenzi ...

Kudalirana - ndi anzake kwachilengedwenso chimalimbikitsa apulumuke ndi kukula kwa onse awiri mitundu. M'mawu ena, ndi mawonekedwe kudalirana. Lichens ndi chitsanzo chakale posonyeza zimene amapindula.

Chitsanzo china - ubale pakati nyemba ndi asafe-chikukonzekera mabakiteriya mu tinatake tozungulira pa mizu. Kudalirana - kuti ena ubale wabwino ndi mungu mungu zomera, monga lepidopteran Tegeticula yucasella ndi yucca.

Facultative ndipo ziyenera kudalirana

M'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa mfundo ziwirizi. Ndipo ziyenera ndipo facultative kudalirana ndi mgwirizano ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Cooperation Pankhaniyi izo lipindulitsa pa wina ndi mitundu ina. Komabe kwa wachiwiri, wina view pakhale kwayekha. Ziyenera kudalirana ndi - kuvomerezedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sipangakhale zamoyo payokha.

mycorrhizae

Mmodzi chidwi kwambiri ndi zofunika ku mawonedwe zitsanzo zachilengedwe ndife chidwi chodabwitsa ndi - mogwirizana alipo pakati pa bowa ndi zomera mtima. Mizu ya ambiri mwa zomera kupanga nyumba zovuta ndi bowa. nyumba zimenezi zimatchedwa mycorrhiza. Popanda kukula wabwinobwino wa zomera kuti sizingatheke. Mycorrhiza, zikuoneka watenga mbali yaikulu pa kuthetsa wa dziko. kudalirana (kudalirana) ambiri kuyambira nthawi zakale.

kugwirizana mycorrhizal

Pamene tikuphunzira zambiri za iwo, bwino amakhala ndi kufunika kwake kwa zomera mtima. Mu mitundu nonmycorrhizal munthu mu chikhalidwe n'zochepa, ngakhale kukula ndi zotheka popanda kusankha mosamala bowa kukula zinthu. Ambiri mtima zomera - ndi "awiri" wa thupi m'njira yomweyo monga lichens, ngakhale duality nthawi zambiri wosaoneka m'madera awo aboveground. Malinga ndi wasayansi nthaka ku University of Wisconsin S. Wylde, matabwa yotengedwa nthaka - ndi mbali chabe ya mbewu lonse, opaleshoni wosiyana kungolandira ndi m'mimba limba wake. Zomera kwambiri bowa ntchito yofunika mu kuloŵerera wa phosphorous ndi zakudya zina zofunika.

Bowa kupanga mycorrhiza ndi zomera ambiri Zygomycetes. mtundu wotchedwa endomikorizoy ake. Ndi mmene kwa ambiri a zitsamba, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Magulu ena a conifers ndi dicotyledons - makamaka mitengo - mawonekedwe mycorrhiza ndi Basidiomycetes, komanso ena askomitsstami. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula ektomikorize. Nthawi zina zenizeni kwambiri: mtundu wina wa bowa interacts yekha ndi mtundu wina wa zomera mtima, kapena gulu la mitundu zokhudzana. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, kuti basidiomycete Boletus elegans kugwirizana okha ndi larch (Larix) wa softwood. Other mycorrhizal mitundu nkhalango bowa mawonekedwe pa genera khumi. Ektomikoriza makamaka khalidwe Mitengo ina madera ndi losauka M'madera a zitunda mkulu wa Chigawo Northern, kapena okwera.

Mthethe ndi nyerere

Zitsanzo zovuta kwambiri kudalirana zimachitika kotentha, pamene zosiyanasiyana zamoyo ndi apamwamba kuposa m'madera kotentha. Choncho, mu kotentha ndi mayiko zili ponseponse mthethe (mitengo ndi zitsamba wa mtundu mthethe). Kubverana mitundu ina ya zomera pa zigwa za Mexico ndi ku Central America ndi nyerere kuti moyo mu spikes awo - chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ankachita zovuta pakati pa nyama ndi zomera. Makamaka zimaonekera iwo inachokera ku Pseudomyrmex mtundu wa nyerere.

mthethe izi patsinde pa pepala lililonse lili ndi awiri studs mpweya amene kutalika ndi kuposa 2 cm. Nectaries ndi petioles ndi masamba ili ku malekezero a zakudya zazing'ono matupi anatchula m'Galimoto ng'ombe. Nyerere moyo mkati studs dzenje, kudyetsa dzuwa kuchokera nectaries corpuscles ndi malamba, amene amapanga mafuta ndi mapuloteni. Mthethe kukula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo makamaka wamba m'madera kutanganidwa, kumene mpikisano pakati pa kukula mbewu colonizers kawirikawiri kwambiri. Thomas m'Galimoto loyamba ubale Pseudornyrmex ndi mitengo izi m'buku lake "The zachilengedwe ku Nicaragua» (The zachilengedwe ku Nicaragua), lofalitsidwa mu 1874

Mitundu ina ya maubwenzi mutualistic

Pali mitundu ina ya zamoyo kumanga ubale, amene amadera kudalirana. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo m'nkhalango (ndi zitsamba) nthawi zambiri zinaphatikizidwa ndi mizu yake. Chifukwa, zakudya ndi kunditumiza ku zomera wina ndi mzake zovuta ndi njira mosayembekezeka, ndi kupulumuka kwa mitundu mu malo ena ali kwenikweni amadalira kukhalapo kwa wina, amene ndipamene ubale. mtengo stumps akhoza kukhala ndi moyo wautali, ngakhale wopanda ziwalo photosynthesis, chifukwa mizu ndi zinaphatikizidwa ndi anthu ena ndipo akhoza amawabzala. Matenda ena, monga mufuna thundu mu Pakati Chakumadzulo ndi kum'mawa United States, komanso akhoza opatsirana kudzera mwa muzu "katemera".

Monga mukuonera, kudalirana - chodabwitsa kawirikawiri mu chirengedwe. Ndi mwapadera kudalirana.