Kodi mungapeze bwanji chitsulo? Kodi chipangizo chachitsulo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chichoke?

Chitsulo choponyedwa ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, ndi zochitika zodabwitsa. Njira yopezera izo ndi yophweka ndipo imaphatikizapo masitepe ochuluka kwambiri. Zipangizozi zimasungunuka mu zitsamba zozizira - zitsulo zapadera, zomwe ziri ngati tsamba lokulitsidwa la kanema. Momwe mungatengere chitsulo, ndikufotokozerani mwatsatanetsatane.

Kugulitsa ndi kusamalira zomera

Zida zopangira ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitsulo, ndizitsulo zachitsulo. Amachotsa m'makayiyala m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lathu. Monga momwe zimadziwira, minda yamoto imakhala ndi nambala yambiri ya zosafunika. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo chosungunuka mu mawonekedwe "obiriwira," ndithudi, ayi. Choncho, pa gawo loyambirira, limapita ku malonda apadera - kuyendetsa migodi ndi kusamalira zomera. Pano, miyala yopanda kanthu imachotsedwamo ndi kuphwanyika. Kenaka, ore yowonongeka imayikidwa m'galimoto ya sitima ndipo imatumizidwa ku zomera za metallurgical.

Njira yowonongeka

Kwenikweni, momwe tingapezere chitsulo choponyedwa, tidzakambirana pansipa. Tsopano tiyeni tiyankhule za momwe ore amakonzekeretsera smelting mwachindunji pa metallurgical zomera.

Ngati mankhwala osungunuka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa, kukolola kwa moto kukuwotchedwa kwambiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuimbidwa koteroko kuli ndi digiri yotsika ya gasi yoyenerera. Choncho, isanayambe kutsogolo kwa ng'anjo yamoto, chiwonongekocho chimachitika ndithu.

Njirayi ikuchitika m'masitolo apadera a zomera za metallurgical ndipo imayimira njira yokwezera thanthweli kukhala zidutswa za kukula kwake komwe kuli koyenera kwambiri kwa smelting iron chitsulo. Amakhala pa kutentha kwakukulu, kokwanira kuti asungunuke mosavuta pamwamba pa particles za mlanduwu. Zotsatira zake, zowonjezereka zimangokhala pamodzi, zimapanga zidutswa. Choncho choyamba chimayenderana ndi malasha. Chifukwa cha kuyaka kwakumapeto kwake, kutentha kofunika kuti tipeze ziphuphu kufikira. Njira yowonongeka imalimbikitsidwa poyendetsa mchere wokhala ndi malasha (kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi).

Kuti mupeze agglomerate, osati ore okha angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Nthawi zina zimapangidwa ndi zidutswa zing'onozing'ono zachitsulo. Gulu lake ndi zinthu zomwe zimalola kuti zitsuloke, zidzatengedwa pansipa. N'zoona kuti kupanga chitsulo sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito chitsulo mu nkhumba. Zimasungunuka ndi zitsulo zamtundu wamba.

Chimachitika mu uvuni

Choncho tiyeni tiwone momwe amachitira chitsulo cha nkhumba mu ng'anjo yamoto. Kuchokera mkati, chitofu cha kapangidwe kameneku chikukumana ndi njerwa. Mfundo yake ndi yosavuta. Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chopangira, kuwonjezeranso ndi magetsi, coke, laimu ndi kutuluka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusakaniza kwa zipangizozi kumakonzedwa mwakhama. Amatchedwa kuphulika ng'anjo. Amatsanulidwira m'makwerero apadera ndikukweza pamwamba pa uvuni.

Kuti coke ipeze moto, mpweya wochuluka-wopindulitsa mpweya ndi wofunikira. Amadyetsedwa kuwotchetcha ng'anjo kuchokera pansi, kudzera m'mabowo apadera otchedwa tuyeres. Akuwombera mu ng'anjo pansi pampanipani. Izi ndizofunika kuti mpweya uzidutsa kupyolera muzimene zimaperekedwa kuchokera pamwamba. Pachifukwa ichi, kutsogolo kwake kumatenthedwa mpaka madigiri 600-800, mwinamwake kutentha mkati mwa ng'anjo kudzachepa.

Chitsulo chopangidwa panthawi yomwe kufalikira kwagwedezeka pansi ndipo ndi periodicity ya kamodzi mphindi 40 iliyonse imatulutsidwa panja kudzera mu dzenje lapadera lotchedwa pompopu. Komanso, amatsanulira mumabotolo akuluakulu ndipo amatumizidwa ku masitolo ogulitsa zitsulo.

Kubwezeretsa ndi kubisa chitsulo m'ng'anjo

Zonsezi zimawotchera kugwira ntchito pamsewu wotsutsana. Pachifukwa ichi, njira zotsatirazi zikuchitika motere:

1. Kubwezeretsa chitsulo. Izi zimachitika mndandanda ndikuwoneka ngati izi: Fe ₂ O ₃ - Fe ₃ O ₄ - FeO - Fe. Monga wothandizira pakadali pano, mpweya monoxide (CO), wopangidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa CO ₂ ndi coke yotentha, ndi mpweya wolimba wa wotsirizira.
2. Kusalidwa kwa chitsulo. Zomwe zimachitika pa nkhaniyi zikuwoneka ngati izi: 3Fe + 2CO = Fe3C + CO2 + Q. Katemera wa Fe3C umangosakanikirana ndi chitsulo cholimba, chifukwa chotsitsiramo mapuloteni ndi carbon. Atagwira pansi, amatsuka coke ndi carbe kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, imatulutsa zinthu monga manganese, sulfure, silicon, ndi zina zotero.

Motero, zikuwonekeratu kuti chitsulo chowotcha ndi ng'anjo ndi chitsulo chomwe chimakhala ndi chinthu. Mukhoza kupeza chitsulo chopangidwa ndi carburizing kusungunuka kwa mlanduwo.

Bweretsani zinthu zina

Mn, silicon, sulfure ndi phosphorous amalowa mu ng'anjo yamoto pamodzi ndi mlanduwu monga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala. Mafuta apamwamba a manganese amachepetsedwa kukhala MnO mofanana ndi chitsulo: MnO ₂ - Mn ₂ O ₃ - Mn ₃ O ₄ - MnO. Mafuta a manganese amaonekera motere: MnO + C = Mn + CO - Q. Silicon imalowa mu ng'anjo yotchedwa silica SiO ₂ . Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi SiO ₂ + 2C = Si + 2CO-Q.

Phosphorus imachepetsedwa ndi hydrogen, mpweya wolimba ndi CO ndipo mwatsoka imalowa mu nkhumba chitsulo pafupifupi kwathunthu. Izi zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chowotcha chachitsulo chiwonongeke. Zimapangitsa kukhala ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chotchedwa silica chomwe chili pamlanduwu, komanso makapu a manganese apamwamba. Nthaŵi zina Mnayi amawonjezeredwa ku ng'anjo yamoto makamaka. Pankhani iyi, mtundu wapadera wa chitsulo choponyedwa - manganese - umapezeka.

Kuchotsa sulfure

Funso la momwe mungapezere chitsulo chabwino chachitsulo chachepetsedwa, pakati pa zinthu zina, kuti muchiyeretse ku chinthu chosafunika ichi. Sulfa ndi choipitsa chachikulu, chomwe chikuipitsa kwambiri katundu wa chotsirizira cha smelting. Ambiri ali mu coke. Sulfure imachotsedwa poonjezera zomwe zili ndi laimu (CaO) ndi kuonjezera kutentha m'ng'anjo. Zimene zimachitika pa nkhaniyi ndi izi: FeS + CaO = FeO + CaO + Q. Njira zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa sulfure mu chitsulo choponyedwa. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina zinthu zowonongeka kale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhomo kapena mbale ndi soda. Kutulutsidwa kwa sulufule kumachitika chifukwa cha FeS + NaCO ₃ = FeO + Na ₂ S + CO ₂ .

Mapangidwe osweka

Choncho, tapeza momwe tingapezere chitsulo. Komabe, pamene akuwaza fodya, chinthu china chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chuma cha dziko. Mukasungunula 1 tani ya chitsulo chosungunuka, masamba 0,6 t a masamba a slag. Mfundo ndi yakuti ngakhale mu chitsulo choyeretsedwa pali dothi lalikulu kwambiri. Maonekedwe a coke ndi phulusa. Pochotsa zinthu izi zosafunika kuzinyoza, mwa zina, sungani ndi fluxes (calcium ndi magnesium carbonates). Pomwe amasungunuka, amalowa mu mankhwala omwe ali ndi zosafunika zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti apange slag. Ndi mankhwala otchedwa aluminosilicate kapena silicate kusungunuka.

Mlingo wa slag ndi wochepa kuposa wa chitsulo chamadzi. Choncho, nthawi ya kusungunuka, ili pansipa. Chotsani izo nthawi ndi nthawi kupyolera pamapepala osiyana, otchedwa slag. Zopangidwa ndizitsulo zazitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga simenti ndi zomangamanga monga kudzaza.

Mitundu ya chitsulo choponyedwa

Monga mukuonera, funso la momwe mungatengere chitsulo mu ng'anjo ya moto ndilosavuta. Koma pamapeto pake, zinthu zosiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala komanso zakuthupi zimatuluka m'ng'anjo. Zonsezi zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: zofiira (zoyera) ndi maziko (imvi). Mtundu woyamba umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira popanga ma stelo. Chiyambi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mitundu yonse ya zitsulo zotayidwa zomwe zimayenera ku misika.

Chitsulo choyera

Gawo lachitsulo chosungunuka mu zitsamba zotentha ndi 75-80%. Zina mwazitsulo zoterezi ndizo: kuuma kwakukulu, kukhumudwa ndi kuvala kukana. Manganese ndi sulufule mmenemo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zambiri kuposa mu maziko oyambirira. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo choyera kumadzibweretsera ndi vuto lalikulu. Gwiritsani ntchito kupanga zinthu zilizonse kuchokera mmenemo, zida zamakono zopangira makina amakono sangathe. Koma chitsulo chimachokera ku chitsulo chosungunuka cha zosiyanasiyana izi mophweka. Chitsulo chosungunula chowotchedwa chowotcha chimagawidwa molingana ndi njira yowonjezera kusungunuka m'magulu atatu: kutseguka (M), Bessemer (B) ndi Thomas (T).

Chitsulo choponyedwa

Mpweya womwe uli mu nkhaniyi uli ndi mawonekedwe a free graphite, omwe ali ndi silicon momwe amachitira. Zimaperekedwa pofuna kupanga zitsulo zopangira zitsulo monga nkhumba. Nkhaniyi imalembedwa ndi chilembo "L" ndi nambala kuchokera "1" mpaka "6", malinga ndi cholinga. Palinso chitsulo chosungunuka cha magnesium cholembedwa ndi makalata "LR".

Eya, tikuyembekeza kuti tawayankha mokwanira funso loti ngati chitsulo chachitsulo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti tipeze chitsulo. Iyi ndiyo mpweya wamba, m'malo mwa mpweya womwe umatuluka m'ng'anjo. Zinthu zazikulu za chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo zimadalira kuchuluka kwa zopanda pake zomwe zimapangidwa: manganese, phosphorous, silicon ndi sulufule.