Kodi mitsempha ya magazi? Kodi matupi zigwirizana?

Mwa kachitidwe zikuluzikulu za thupi la munthu, malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi m'thupi. Kodi mitsempha ya magazi mpaka m'ma 16 kwa asayansi akhala chinsinsi. Pa yankho ntchito ngati aphunzitsi otchuka monga Aristotle, Galen, Harvey ndi ena ambiri. apeza zakambidwa mwachidule mu dongosolo coherent mfundo anatomical ndi thupi.

nkhani za m'mbiri

A udindo wapadera mu mapangidwe malingaliro zolondola twangwi ya matupi ndi mitsempha ya magazi a munthu, ankaimba Spanish wasayansi Servetus ndi English zachilengedwe Vilyam Garvey. Choyamba anakwanitsa kutsimikizira kuti magazi kuchokera ventricle bwino akhoza kulowa atrium okha kudzera zopezera Mitsempha ya m'mapapo. Harvey anatsegula otchedwa bwalo lalikulu (mwankhanza) kufalitsidwa. Choncho choikidwacho mpaka mu funso, ngati magazi ndi mosamalitsa dongosolo chatsekedwa, kapena chikubwera. Kachitidwe ka anthu ndi nyama anatseka kufalitsidwa.

Muyenera kukumbukira ntchito za Italy dokotala Malpighi, amene anatulukira makope capillary. Kafukufuku wake, zinadziwika kuti magazi wolumikizira adziwonetsa ndi venous ndi mosemphanitsa. Pa funso thunthu? Anthu mitsempha ya magazi ndi ya ziwalo zofunika monga mtima, mitsempha ya magazi ndi matupi wothandiza - mafupa, ndulu ndi chiwindi.

Mtima - limba yaikulu ya mitsempha ya magazi a anthu

Kuyambira kale, mu zikhalidwe zonse za mtima chapakati udindo osati monga chiwalo cha thupi, koma monga zapamwamba wauzimu wa umunthu. Mawu akuti "mtima umodzi", "ndi mtima", "mtima chisoni" anthu asonyeza udindo wa thupi ili mu mapangidwe mtima ndi malingaliro.

Koma kumbuyo kwa thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa za mtima. Ndi dzenje akulu limba kuti lagawidwa kumanzere Kakhungu impermeable (cuboid kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osasamba) ndi chabwino (mawonekedwe zonse) mbali. Ndi ntchito ya Servetus ndi Harvey akutsutsa lingaliro la Galen kuti septum mtima ndi mipata yapadera imene madzi connective minofu chimachititsanso kwa theka wina ndi mzake.

Ndipotu, pamaso pa mabowo khoma mtima - ndi lalikulu kudwala chitukuko, kutanthauza chilema mtima. Iwo anapezeka m'masiku oyambirira a moyo ali wakhanda, monga akamalankhula stethoscope m'dera pachifuwa kuonekeratu anamva otchedwa phokoso (phokoso extraneous komwe kumachitika nthawi kusakanikirana wolumikizira ndi magazi venous). Ichi ndi aakulu magazi ndiponso posachedwapa ali ndi izo labwino kwa mankhwalawa resectable.

Kayendedwe ka mtima

mtima kaŵirikaŵiri poyerekeza ndi mpope. Inde, ntchito yake yaikulu - kutulutsa magazi. Pakuti thupi tunica ankaimira minofu wamphamvu, wotchedwa myocardium. The mtima imakhala lamanja ndi kumanzere atria ndi ventricles awiri, ndi lamanzere ndi lamanja. Pakati pa atrium ndi ventricle ndi mavavu.

Kumanzere ndi bicuspid kung'ambika vavu (AIBN), ndi bwino - ndi tricuspid (tricuspid vavu). Chidule ndi zosangalatsa za mtima zimatchedwa systole ndi diastole. Magazi otchezedwa mbali imodzi yokha; kwa zigawo chapamwamba ventricles, ndi iwo - mu mtsempha wamagazi yoyenera. Choncho, kuchokera ventricle kumanzere pamene kuchepetsa gawo magazi ndi mphamvu ejected mu msempha, kuthamanga kwa magazi pafupifupi 105 mamilimita / Hg. Art. Inalimbikitsidwa wamphamvu, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a sayansi, mofulumira kufalikira mu mawonekedwe a mafunde mu dongosolo mtsempha wamagazi. Timatenga mtima mungoli monga mtima. labwino simungathe kumva radiocarpal kapena carotid mitsempha.

Minofu madzi m'thupi la munthu

Ntchito zoyendera mpweya ndi zakudya, kuchotsa poizoni, komanso ulimi wa chitetezo amachita mitsempha ya magazi. Kapangidwe magazi sipangakhalenso ankayimiridwa ngati osakaniza maselo (leucocytes, erythrocytes ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana) ndi madzi (madzi gawo), lili tatchulawa mavuto.

Anthu, pali magazi kupanga minofu, mmodzi amene - myeloid. Iwo kutsogolera m'mafupa, izo lili diaphysis ndi zizindikiro tsinde (hematopoietic maselo) amene ali zofunika erythrocytes, leukocytes ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana.

Features ya kapangidwe ka magazi

magazi Red chifukwa kukhalapo kwa pigment hemoglobin. Ndi udindo wa zoyendera mpweya kusungunuka magazi, - mpweya ndi mpweya monoxide. Pamatenga mitundu iwiri: oxyhemoglobin ndi carboxyhemoglobin. madzi a m'magazi ndi 90% ya madzi.

Zinthu zina - ndi mapuloteni (albumin, fibrinogen, Popanga madzi a gamma globulin-) ndi mchere mchere, wamkulu amene ali sodium kolorayidi. maselo magazi kuchita ntchito zotsatirazi:

• erythrocytes - kunyamula mpweya;
• (. Neutrophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, etc.) leukocytes, kapena maselo oyera, - nawo mapangidwe chitetezo chokwanira;
• othandiza magazi kuundana - zimathandiza kuti magazi asiye kutuluka pa siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo chotengera khoma kukhulupirika (udindo clotting magazi).

anthu magazi dongosolo, chifukwa zosiyanasiyana ntchito magazi n'kofunika kukhala homeostasis wa chamoyo.

Mitsempha thupi: mitsempha, mitsempha, capillaries

Kuwona wa matupi ndi mitsempha ya magazi a munthu, m'pofunika kuti aipereke monga zopezera machubu ndi diameters osiyana ndi thicknesses khoma. Mitsempha ndi amphamvu minofu khoma, monga magazi likupita adalira ndi liwiro mkulu kuthamanga. Choncho ndi choopsa kwambiri wolumikizira magazi chifukwa cha zimene munthu wotaya mu nthawi yochepa wambirimbiri magazi. Izi mavuto oopsa.

Mitsempha ndi zipupa zofewa, molemera okonzeka mavavu semilunar. Iwo amapereka magazi m'zotengera yekha mu njira imodzi - waukulu minofu thupi magazi dongosolo. Popeza magazi venous amakakamizidwa kugonjetsa mphamvu yokoka kudzuka mtima, ndi kuthamanga mu mitsempha ndi otsika, mavavu izi musalole magazi kusuntha chammbuyo, kuti mu mtima.

zopezera capillaries ndi awiri a khoma tosaoneka amachita Ntchito yaikulu kuwombola mpweya. Mu iwo, mpweya woipa umaperekedwa (mpweya woipa) ndi poizoni ku zimakhala maselo capillary magazi, nayenso amapereka maselo mpweya wofunikila ntchito yawo. thupi lonse ndi oposa 150 Bln. Capillary, ndi utali wonse wa imene wamkulu wa makilomita pafupifupi 100 zikwi.

A makamaka zinchito anatengera thupi la munthu, omwe amapereka chakudya zonse ziwalo ndipo zimakhala zinthu zofunika ndi ina kufalitsidwa, zomwe zingaoneke onse zinthu zachilendo thupi ndi pansi matenda zovuta dongosolo ntchito (mwachitsanzo, thrombus occlusion chombocho).

zokhudza zonse kufalitsidwa

Kubwerera ku funso la matupi onse ndi mitsempha ya magazi a munthu. Kumbukirani kuti chatsekedwa kufalitsidwa, lotseguka Harvey, zimachokera ku ventricle kumanzere ndipo itha atrium bwino.

The msempha ndi mtsinje waukulu ku thupi ndi chiyambi cha kufalitsidwa zokhudza zonse, chimachititsa magazi, mpweya, kuyambira ventricle kumanzere. Kudzera dongosolo mtima, akupereka kwa msempha ndi nthambi mu thupi, magazi amapita ku ziwalo zonse za thupi ndi ziwalo ukulowerera iwo ndi mpweya onyamula michere kagayidwe ndi zoyendera ntchito.

Kuchokera kumtunda kwa thupi (mutu, mapewa, chifuwa, miyendo chapamwamba) magazi venous, wolemera mu carbon dioxide, izo Akusonkhanitsa aakulu vena cava, ndi ku hafu pansi pa thupi - m'munsi vena cava. Onse mitsempha dzenje kanthu mu atrium lamanja, kutseka makope a.

amayendera m'mapapo

magazi dongosolo ziwalo - mtima, mitsempha ya magazi - m'gulu otchedwa yaing'ono (m'mapapo mwanga) kufalitsidwa. Chinatseguka Miguel ake Servet pakati pa zana la 16. wozungulira limayamba ku ventricle bwino ndipo itha atrium kumanzere.

magazi Venous kudzera lamanja atrioventricular kutsegula kwa auricle pomwe akulowa ventricle bwino. Wa pa thunthu m'mapapo mwanga, ndiyeno awiri mitsempha m'mapapo mwanga - kumanzere ndi kumanja - Lifikira mapapo. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zotengera otchedwa mitsempha, mwazi pa iwo ikuyenda venous. Imagwera mu lamanja ndi kumanzere mapapo, zomwe ndi capillaries, kuchikoletsa alveoli (m'mapapo mwanga vesicles ongokhala m'mapapo parenchyma). Pakati mpweya alveoli ndi minofu connective khoma thinnest wa capillary mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Ndi mu gawo ili la thupi limakhala magazi deoxygenated mu wolumikizira lapansi. Ndiye iwo amalowa venules postcapillary, yomwe inadzakhala zikuluzikulu 4 m'mapapo mwanga mitsempha. Malinga ndi iye magazi wolumikizira akulowa atrium kumanzere, kumene umatha ndi makope yaing'ono.

magazi aziyenda bwino mu zotengera zonse amakulira, popanda kuima kapena kupuma lachiwiri.

inatsekeratu kufalitsidwa

Kodi yoyenda yokha magazi dongosolo la akuluakulu a boma ndi n'zimene peculiarities wa chamoyo chake anali kuphunzira ndi asayansi monga Shymlanskaya, Bowman, GIS. Iwo anapeza kuti phindu pazipita m'dziko lino ali coronal kapena inatsekeratu krovooborot, amene imagwiridwa ndi chotengera wapadera magazi, twining mtima ndipo anakafika ku msempha. Izi ziwiya monga kumanzere waukulu inatsekeratu mtsempha wamagazi ndi nthambi, akuti: kumanzere zapambuyo atsikira, circumflex nthambi matenda nthambi. Ndipo ziri inatsekeratu mtsempha wamagazi ndi nthambi amenewa: bwino inatsekeratu ndi zapambuyo interventricular.

Magazi popanda mpweya kumbuyo mu thupi akulu njira zitatu mwa nkusani inatsekeratu, mitsempha m'gulu M'mimbamo wa atrium, ndi nthambi zing'onozing'ono mtima kuti kuyenda mu kumanja kwa mtima, ngakhale popanda kusonyeza epicardium wake.

Lozungulira mtsempha zipata

Kuyambira mu kuonetsetsa kugwirizana mkati a sing'anga ndi zofunika kwambiri magazi dongosolo, a matupi iliyonse imakhala bwalo zipata mtsempha, asayansi achilengedwe anaphunzira kuganizira za kufalitsidwa zokhudza zonse. Anapeza kuti pa m'mimba thirakiti, kapamba ndi ndulu magazi amasonkhana pansi ndi aakulu mesenteric mtsempha, amene kenako kuphatikiza kupanga zipata (zipata mtsempha).

Portal Vienna ndi mtsempha wamagazi kwa chiwindi mu chiwindi akulowa pachipata. Wolumikizira ndi magazi venous mu hepatocytes (maselo chiwindi) pansi pa kuyeretsa mokwanira ndi zina pamodzi wosakoma vena cava akulowa atrium bwino. Choncho, kuyeretsa magazi kumachitika chifukwa chotchinga ntchito ya chiwindi, amene amathandiza ndi mitsempha ya magazi.

Kodi akuluakulu a dongosolo wothandiza

Kapangidwe ka matupi wocheperapo komanso wofiira mafupa, ndulu ndi chiwindi ndi pamwamba. Popeza maselo magazi kutha, za 60-90 masiku, pakufunika zinyalala yobwezeretsanso maselo akale magazi ndi kupanga wamng'ono. pasukuluyi kupereka ziwalo wocheperapo a m'thupi.

Mu m'mafupa, munali myeloid minofu apanga kalambulabwalo anapanga zinthu.

Ndulu, kuwonjezera gawo ntchito ya magazi si ntchito kupezeka pa, umawononga maselo akale ofiira pang'ono amadzadza imfa awo.

Chiwindi likugwiritsidwanso kutaya leucocytes akufa, erythrocytes ndi maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, ndi kusunga magazi, si panopa nawo m'thupi.

M'nkhani ya mitsempha ya magazi wakhala kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane, tichipeza akuluakulu a boma ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu thupi la munthu.