Kodi Khmer Rouge?

Mu 1968, zimatsutsana ndi kulamulira Communist Party wa Kampuchea (CCP) anakhazikitsa mkati paramilitary, amene anakhala mbali ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Cambodia. Icho chinali Khmer Rouge. Iwo anapanga Cambodia wina zambiri linga lolimba lamadyerero kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Chiyambi cha otaya ndi

Lamentably wotchuka "Khmer Rouge" anaonekera chaka chiyambi cha wamba kupanduka Battambang Province. Militias anali otsutsa boma ndi Mfumu Norodom Sihanouk. Wamba kusakhutira anatengedwa ndi ntchito ndi CCP. Choyamba, magulu opanduka ang'onoang'ono, koma mu nkhani mwezi Cambodia analumphira mu chisokonezeko nkhondo yapachiweniweni, umene moyenerera ankamuona ngati yanthaŵi wina zambiri za Cold nkhondo ndi kulimbana pakati pa machitidwe awiri ndale - chikominisi ndi bizinesi.

Patapita zaka zingapo nagubuduza Khmer Rouge boma unakhazikitsidwa mu dziko kuyambira ufulu wodzilamulira ku France. Kenako mu 1953, Cambodia analengeza ufumu amene olamulira anakhala Norodom Sihanouk. Poyamba, iye anali wotchuka pakati pa anthu akuderalo. Komabe, zinthu ku Cambodia destabilized nkhondo mu loyandikana Vietnam, komwe kuyambira malemu 1950s., Kusonkhezera nkhondo pakati, chikominisi, mothandizidwa ndi China ndi USSR, ndi ovomereza-American demokalase boma. "Red chiopsyezo" anabisidwa mu matumbo ambiri Cambodia. Local Communist Party unakhazikitsidwa mu 1951. Pa nthawi imene Civil nkhondo, anakhala mtsogoleri Pol M'phika.

Kudziwa Pol M'phika

zochitika koopsa Cambodia mu 1970 mu malingaliro anthu (kuphatikizapo dziko lathu) ndi ambiri kugwirizana ndi zithunzi ziwiri. Pol M'phika ndi Khmer Rouge akhala zizindikiro akuchitirana nkhanza ndi kupululutsa. Koma mtsogoleri wa zisinthe anayamba modzichepetsa kwambiri. Malinga ndi mbiri boma, iye anabadwa pa May 19, 1925 yaing'ono unremarkable m'mudzi Khmer wabisala penapake mu nkhalango zotentha za Asia Southeast. Pobadwa, palibe Pol M'phika sanali. Real dzina mtsogoleri wa Khmer Rouge - Salote akuti sar. Pol M'phika - chipani pseudonym, amene anatenga achinyamata chosintha mu zaka za ntchito zake zandale.

Social pamalo mnyamata ku banja wodzichepetsa anatembenuka maphunziro. Mu 1949, achinyamata Pol M'phika analandira maphunziro boma, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kuti asamukire ku France ndipo ndinalembetsa Sorbonne. Ku Ulaya, wophunzirayo anakumana ndi chikominisi ndipo anafuna mu malingaliro chosintha. Mu Paris, iye anayamba bwalo Marxist. Education Komabe, Pol M'phika sanapeze. Mu 1952, anachotsedwa kwa sukulu osauka yunivesite ndipo anabwerera kwawo.

Mu Cambodia, Pol M'phika anatenga Chiwukirano Party of Cambodia, yomwe kenako lidzasinthidwa chikominisi ndi. ntchito yake inayamba mu bungwe la novice mu dipatimenti ya zokopa misa. Chosintha anamukwiyira lofalitsidwa kulisindikiza ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wotchuka kwambiri. Pol M'phika nthaŵi zonse kutchuka chidwi. Pang'onopang'ono iye anakwera makwerero phwando, ndipo mu 1963 anakhala mlembi wake onse. Chiwembuchi wa Khmer Rouge anali adakali kutali, koma nkhani wachita ntchito yake - Cambodia anali pafupi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Malingaliro a Khmer Rouge

Chikominisi chaka ndi chaka, kukhala otchuka kwambiri. Mtsogoleri maziko latsopano maganizo, amene anaphunzira comrades Chinese. Pol M'phika ndi Khmer Rouge anali kumbali maosizma - zinthu zovuta nawonso chiphunzitso nduna ya Ufumu Middle. Ndipotu Chikambodiya chikominisi analalikira kwakukulu maganizo leftist. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Khmer Rouge ndi maganizo wosanganiza a Soviet Union.

Pa dzanja limodzi, Pol M'phika anavomereza USSR akupeka ya chikominisi woyamba October kuukira boma. Koma Chikambodiya boma ndipo anali anthu ambiri omwe amanena kuti Moscow. Mbali ya kugawanika maganizo zayamba pa malo omwewo pakati pa USSR ndi China.

The Khmer Rouge ku Cambodia akhala akudzudzula a Soviet Union kuti malamulo a revisionism. Makamaka, anali ndi kuteteza ndalama - chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri yothandiza capitalist anthu. Monga Pol M'phika ankakhulupirira kuti Soviet Union chifukwa cha mafakitale amakakamizidwa anali bwino anayamba ulimi. Mu Cambodia, chinthu ulimi unachita yaikulu. Wamba anali mu dziko lino, anthu ambiri a anthu. Chifukwa, pamene Mphamvu mu Phnom Penh kubwera "Khmer Rouge" ulamuliro, Pol M'phika sanapemphe thandizo ku Soviet Union, koma zambiri zochokera ku China.

Mpikisano wa mphamvu

Mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni wa Khmer Rouge inayamba mu 1967 anathandiza boma Communist la North Vietnam. owatsutsa komanso ali ogwirizana. Boma Chikambodiya ankatsogoleredwa ndi United States ndi South Vietnam. Poyamba, boma linali m'manja mwa Mfumu Norodom Sihanouk. Komabe, pambuyo kulanda boma yopanda magazi mu 1970, iye unagonjetsedwa ndi boma linali m'manja mwa Nduna Lon Nol. Ndi icho, Khmer Rouge kumenyana zaka zisanu.

Mbiri ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Cambodia ndi chitsanzo cha nkhondo mkati, zomwe mwachangu linalowererapo mphamvu yachilendo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, atasemphana ku Vietnam. Achimereka anayamba kupereka yokulirapo thandizo pa zachuma ndi zankhondo kuti boma la Lon Nol. The US sanafune kukhala dziko la Cambodia, chomwe chingathe kupita zina ndi mwakale mdani mphamvu Vietnamese popanda vuto.

Mu 1973, US ndege anayamba akupha udindo wa Khmer Rouge. Ndi nthawi kuti asilikali US anachoka Vietnam ndipo tsopano ndizikonda kuthandiza Phnom Penh. Komabe, pa nthaŵi yofunika ake nenani Congress anati. Motsutsa likhale chachikulu chotsutsa-militarist amaganiza mu ndondomeko American anthu adamfunsa ndi mutsogoleli Nixon kusiya mabomba a Cambodia.

Zochitika ankaimba m'manja mwa Khmer Rouge. Mu zinthu izi, ndi Chikambodiya asilikali a boma anayamba abwerere. January 1, 1975 anayamba nagonjetsa chomaliza cha Khmer Rouge ku likulu Phnom Penh. Tsiku ndi tsiku mzindawo asalandidwe mizere onse atsopano okwanira, ndi mphete mozungulira icho wapitiriza Ndikuchepetsa. April 17, Khmer Rouge anakhazikitsa kulamulira likulu. masabata awiri pamaso pa Lon Nol analengeza yosiya wake n'kupita United States. Zinaoneka kuti pambuyo pa Civil Nkhondo imafika nthawi ya bata ndi mtendere. Koma kwenikweni, Cambodia anali pafupi ngoziyo ngakhale kwambiri.

Democratic Kampuchea

Kamodzi mphamvu, chikominisi anadzatchedwa dziko Democratic Kampuchea. Pol M'phika, amene anali mtsogoleri wa boma, analengeza zolinga zitatu njira ya boma lake. Choyamba, iye akanati kuletsa awonongeka wamba ndi kusiya ndi katapira ndi ziphuphu. Cholinga chachiwiri chinali kuthetsa kudalira Kampuchea ochokera m'mayiko ena. Pomaliza, lachitatu: kunali kofunika kukhazikitsa bata m'dzikoli.

mawu onse awa zinkaoneka polumikizana, koma kwenikweni kunapezeka chilengedwe cha kupondereza okhwima. Dziko anayamba kupondereza anthu, amene anayambitsa ndi Khmer Rouge. Mu Cambodia, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, anaphedwa pakati pa 1 ndi 3 miliyoni anthu. Mfundo za milandu imene anadziwika pokhapokha kugwa kwa Pol M'phika boma. Mu ulamuliro wake, Cambodia wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ku dziko la "chitsulo nsaru". News za moyo wake mkati nkomwe zinawukhira kunja.

Mantha ndi kupondereza

Pambuyo chigonjetso mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndi Khmer Rouge anayamba kukonzanso wathunthu wa anthu Kampuchea. Malinga ndi mfundo zake kwakukulu, iwo anakana ndalama ndi kwathetsa chida cha bizinesi. mumzindawo anayamba kuyenda paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi m'midzi. Chionongeko chimene chinaperekedwa pa ambiri a mabungwe mwachizolowezi chikhalidwe ndi boma. Boma anathetsa dongosolo la mankhwala, maphunziro, chikhalidwe ndi sayansi. Anaziletsa mabuku ena ndi zinenero. Ngakhale kuvala magalasi kwachititsa kuti amangidwe anthu ambiri a m'dzikoli.

The Khmer Rouge, amene mtsogoleri choikidwacho chofunika kwambiri, monga miyezi ingapo sanadzisiyira kotsalira kwa dongosolo akale. Kupondereza anavutika ndi zipembedzo zonse. Kwambiri nkhonya anali anachitira kwa Abuda, amene Cambodia anali ambiri noticeable.

The Khmer Rouge, chithunzi cha zotsatira za kupondereza chimenechi chifalikire padziko lonse, anagawa anthu m'magulu atatu. Gulu loyamba linali osauka a. Lachiwiri anali anthu a m'madera kwa nthawi yaitali anakana amanyansidwa Communist pa Civil nkhondo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene m'mizinda ina, ngakhale asilikali US chinazikidwa. m'matauni onsewa pansi "kukonzanso maphunziro" kapena, mwa kulankhula kwina, purges misa.

Gulu lachitatu anali anzeru akuluakulu atsogoleri analipo yothandiza anthu ndi mode kale. Komanso, iwo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi akapitawo a asilikali a Lon Nol. Posachedwapa, pa m'ndandanda wa anthu amenewa anayesera molapitsa wozunzikirapo wa Khmer Rouge. Chitsutsocho ikuchitika pansi pa chiphiphiritso cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi adani a anthu, oukira ndi revisionists.

Socialism ku Cambodia

Mokakamiza m'magalimoto m'mudzi anthu ankakhala communes, kusiyana ndi malamulo okhwima. Kwenikweni Cambodia ankachita kuti anakwiriridwa mpunga ndi nthawi pa otsika-luso ntchito zina. Nkhanza za Khmer Rouge anali chilango chokhwima pa mlandu uliwonse. Popanda mlandu anawomberedwa akuba ndi ophwanya zina zazing'ono kukhazikika. ulamuliro ikukhudzanso ngakhale kulephera kwa m'minda ya zipatso, ndi mwini ndi boma. Kumene, dziko lonse lapansi, ndi mabizinezi m'dzikoli anawapeza nationalized.

Kenako anthu padziko lonse anafotokoza milandu la Khmer Rouge kupululutsa. Kupulula anawatengera pa mizere chikhalidwe ndi mitundu. Akuluakulu anaphedwa alendo, kuphatikizapo Vietnamese ndi Chinese. Chifukwa china chiwawa anali maphunziro apamwamba. Atapitirira kukumana amazindikira ndi alendo boma ndi kwathunthu kutali kunja dziko Kampuchea. ojambula akazembe zimasungika yekha ndi Albania, China ndi Korea North.

Zimayambitsa anapha

Kodi Khmer Rouge ankachitika ku dziko lakwawo fuko, kuchititsa kuwonongeka yodabwitsa pano ake ndi tsogolo? Malinga ndi malingaliro nduna ya boma kumangira paradaiso zokomera zofunika miliyoni wamphamvu ndi okhulupirika nzika, ndi anthu ena onse miyandamiyanda anali awonongedwe. M'mawu ena, kupululutsa si "unakhota pansi" kapena chifukwa cha anachita motsutsana ndi opanduka ananena. The kupha anali mbali ya Inde ndale.

Chiwerengero cha nambala anaphedwa ku Cambodia mu 70s lapansi. zikutsutsana kwambiri. Kusiyana pakati pa 1 ndi 3 miliyoni chifukwa cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni, zambiri othawa chinkhoswe ofufuza ndi zina zotero. D. Inde, boma alibe umboni uliwonse milandu awo. Anthu anaphedwa popanda mlandu, sikutheka kuti abwezeretse Nkhani zochitika osachepera mwa zikalata zofunikira.

Ngakhale mafilimu za Khmer Rouge si chimodzimodzi kupereka lonse mavuto amene anakantha dziko Kalanga. Koma ngakhale maumboni ochepa amene anapanga anthu kudzera makhoti padziko lonse, anachititsa atagwa boma la Pol mphika zikuwanyansa. The chizindikiro chachikulu cha kupondereza ku Cambodia wakhala ndende ya Tuol Sleng. Today pali owonetsera zakale. Mu makumi lotsiriza la anthu zikwizikwi kundende imeneyi. Onse a iwo amayenera kuphedwa. anthu 12 okha anapulumuka. Iwo anali mwayi - iwo analibe nthawi kuwombera pamaso kusintha kwa boma. Mmodzi wa akaidi amene anali mboni ofunika pa mlandu wa nkhani ya Cambodia.

nkhonya achipembedzo

Kupondereza magulu achipembedzo mwalamulo enshrined mu malamulo, amene anatenga Kampuchea. The Khmer Rouge aona mu chipembedzo angathe choopsa chilichonse mphamvu yawo. Mu 1975, Cambodia anali 82,000 zija amonke ya Abuda wa Chimonko (mabwana). Ochepa a iwo anathawa ndi kuthawira kunja. Awonongedwe Chimonko anatenga khalidwe okwana. Exclusion siliyikika kwa munthu.

Anaphwanya zifaniziro Buddha, malaibulale M'buda, akachisi ndi pagodas (mpaka panali 3 zikwi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, koma kumapeto si). Monga pa nthawi imene Bolsheviks ndi chikomyunizimu ku China, gulu la Khmer Rouge ntchito nyumba zachipembedzo monga malo.

Ndi nkhanza makamaka Pol M'phika mbali ankachitira zinthu ndi Akhristu, chifukwa iwo anali onyamula makhalidwe yachilendo. Kupondereza akukonza onse wamba ndi ansembe. Mipingo yambiri akukonza m'chiwonongeko ndi chitayiko. Pa mantha, kupha pafupifupi 60,000 Akhristu ndi 20 zikwi Asilamu.

Nkhondo ndi Vietnam

Kwa zaka zingapo ulamuliro wa Pol M'phika a Cambodia zinachititsa kuti kugwa zachuma. muzochitika zambiri za chuma cha dzikoli inawonongedwa. Ikulu ovulala kupondereza zinachititsa kuti kusiyidwa kwa mipata yaikulu.

Pol M'phika, ngati aliyense wolamulira, anafotokoza zifukwa kugwa Kampuchea wowononga ntchito za oukira ndi adani achilendo. M'malo mwake, zimenezi kulimbikitsa gulu. No Pol M'phika danga anthu kulibe. Iye ankadziwika ngati "mbale chiwerengero" mwa eyiti kanjedza lalikulu phwando. Tsopano zikuoneka zodabwitsa, koma Cambodia, kuwonjezera, kuti anayambitsa newspeak zawo ndi chikhalidwe cha dystopian buku "1984". mawu ambiri zolembalemba (iwo m'malo mwa mtanda watsopano ovomerezeka) anachotsedwa chinenero.

Ngakhale kuti onse maganizo a Party, dziko anali mu mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni. Mwa ichi zinachititsa tsoka la Khmer Rouge ndi Cambodia. Pol M'phika, azungu anali otanganidwa kukula nkhondo ndi Vietnam. Mu 1976, dziko adalunzanitsidwa muulamuliro chikominisi. Komabe, moyandikana ya m'maulamuliro zokomera sizinathandize kupeza chinenero.

M'malo mwake, pa malire skirmishes kalekale wamagazi zinachitika. Yaikulu anali tsoka m'tauni ya Batjuk. The Khmer Rouge litalanda Vietnam ndipo unadulidwa mudzi wonse, chimene chili ndi anthu pafupifupi 3 zikwi wamba mtendere. kusiyana pa malire a nthawi inatha mu December 1978, pamene Hanoi anaganiza kuchita kutali ndi ulamuliro wa Khmer Rouge. Pakuti Vietnam ntchito linapangidwa mosavuta chifukwa chakuti Cambodia akukumana ndi kugwa zachuma. Chikadzangotha nkhondo ya alendo anayamba kugalukira am'deralo. January 7, 1979 ndi Vietnamese anatenga Phnom Penh. Mphamvu ya izo zinali chabe analenga Kampuchean United Front kwa National Chipulumutso, lotsogoledwa ndi Heng Samrin.

kachiwiri zigaŵenga zankhondo

Ngakhale kuti Khmer Rouge anataya likulu, dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko anakhalabe m'manja mwawo. Zaka 20, opandukawo anapitirizabe kunyoza akuluakulu chapakati. Komanso, Khmer Rouge mtsogoleri Pol M'phika sanafe ndipo anapitiriza kutsogolera lalikulu asilikali paramilitary, ukryvshimisya m'nkhalango. polimbana ndi perpetrators fuko inatsogolera onse mofanana Vietnamese (Cambodia yokha unaphwasukiratu ndi ankadabwa kuthetsa chiwopsezo lofunika kwambiri).

Chaka mobwerezabwereza limodzi ndi nkhondo yomweyi. Vietnamese masika chimadalira wa anthu masauzande ochepa desyatuov litalanda zigawo kumadzulo, kuyeretsa, ndi kugwa ku malo awo oyambirira. M'dzinja nyengo mphepo za mkuntho kukhale kovuta kuthana ndi zigaŵenga zankhondo m'nkhalango. The Izitu n'zovutitsa chinali chakuti yake yapachiweniweni nkhondo, Vietnamese chikominisi ntchito machenjerero omwewo, amene tsopano ntchito adaniwo ndi Khmer Rouge.

kugonjetsedwa komaliza

Mu 1981, chipani anakankhira pang'ono Pol M'phika mphamvu, ndipo posakhalitsa iye yekha palimodzi kusungunuka. Ena Achikominisi adanyerezera kusanduza ake ndondomeko. Mu 1982, chipani cha Democratic Kampuchea unakhazikitsidwa. Izi ndi mabungwe enanso ambiri mumangike mu boma mgwirizano, umene anazindikira msanga ndi UN. Koletsedwa, chikominisi, nadana Pol M'phika. Iwo otchuka zolakwa za m'mbuyomo boma (kuphatikizapo wofuna si ndalama) napempha chikhululuko kwa kupondereza.

Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, kutsogozedwa ndi Pol M'phika anapitiriza kubisala mu nkhalango ndi destabilize dziko. Komabe, amanyengerera ndale Phnom Penh anatsogolera chakuti boma mphamvu. Mu 1989 iye anasiya Cambodia ndi asilikali Vietnamese. The standoff pakati pa boma ndi Khmer Rouge zinachitika kwa zaka khumi. Kulephera Pol M'phika anapanga gulu utsogoleri wotsutsayo achotsedwe mphamvu. Kamodzi mwakuwoneka losagonjetseka wolamulira anaika nyumba kumangidwa. Iye anafa pa April 15, 1998. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, chifukwa cha imfa mtima kulephera, pa zina - Pol M'phika pomudyetsanso poizoni gulu lake. Posachedwapa Khmer Rouge anagonja komaliza.