Kwa ambiri a ife dziko la nyama wakale amaoneka ng'ombe ya zinyamazi kapena, mu zikafika poipa, mammoths. Ndipotu ndi zambiri zosiyanasiyana komanso wosangalatsa. lathuli anali anthu mamiliyoni ambiri okhalapo, ambiri mwa mbisoweka kosatha padziko lapansi, kusiya tizikumbukira mafupawa awo okha, kuda unayambira zithunzi za anthu akale kapena kusiya chilichonse. Koma aliyense wa iwo anali ngati nyumba chipika cha ufumu Waukulu, kuyitanira nyama ndi zomera.
zilombo wosangalatsa
nyama wakale anayamba kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe a zamoyo sikutanthauza kale kuoneka sapiens Homo. Amatero sayansi boma. Mwamwayi, zochokera mazana a zinthu zakale amene anali m'madera osiyanasiyana a Dziko Lapansi, anati pamaso pa Kubwera kwa lotukuka zina, kupatula olemera kuposa ife. Kumene, ndiye tinkakhala anthu komanso nyama. Monga iwo anali, kuli kovuta kudziwa. Chinthu chokha chimene chinatsalira kwa iwo - kutchulidwa m'mipukutu yakale ndi mitundu yonse ya nthano za zimbalangondo, elves, mizukwa chadzaoneni, unicorns. Komabe, pali dziko okha owonetsera zakale kumene zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho ndi enieni, malinga ndi antchito ake, zotsalira za unicorns, mermaids ndi zolengedwa zina zachilendo. Pakati pawo pali makombo a ankhandwe, mermaids, lanthano mitu iwiri njoka ndi zoopsa zina anaphunzira ofukula okonda ku Earth.
Kodi izo zonse zinayamba
sayansi Official paleontology kutsatira chiphunzitso chakuti moyo unachokera mu nthawi Precambrian. Awa ndi chidwi nthawi, amene chimachititsa 90% ya nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zonse. Iye inatenga pafupifupi 5 biliyoni zaka, kuyambira chiyambi cha mapangidwe a dziko lapansi pamaso Mathanthwe lapansi. Choyamba padziko lathuli analibe mpweya, madzi kanthu, ngakhale mapiri.
Mdima ndi moyo, iye mwakachetechete chinapululutsa kanjira kake. Nthawiyi amatchedwa Hadean. 4 biliyoni zapitazo m'malo ndi Archaea, zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi maonekedwe a mumlengalenga Komabe, ndi mpweya pang'ono kapena ayi. Ndiyeno panabuka woyamba ndi nyanja, umene uli wokoma ndi mchere njira. Mu zikhalidwe zowopsya izi ndi moyo unayamba. The wamkulu nyama zapamtunda - cyanobacteria. Iwo amakhala ndi midzi yawo, kupanga filimu magawo kapena mphasa kwa gawo lapansi ndi. Kukumbukira iwo - Mbali yokhala ngati zinazake.
Kupitiriza kukula kwa moyo
Archean kwa zaka 1.5 biliyoni. Cyanobacteria mwadzaza m'mlengalenga ndi mpweya ndi anaonetsetsa zikamera wa mazana a mtundu watsopano wa tizilombo ntchito yofunika kudzera umene tili madipoziti mchere.
Pafupifupi miliyoni 540 zaka zapitazo Mathanthwe anayamba, yomwe inatenga zaka miliyoni 55-56. Woyamba wa m'nthawi imeneyo - Paleozoic. Ndi mawu achigiriki otanthauza "moyo wakale" ( "paleo Zoe"). Mu Paleozoic anapanga woyamba single
Gondwana Africa. Nyengo anali wachikondi pafupi subtropical, kupanga izo abwino kwa kukula kwa moyo. Ndiye izo zinakhala makamaka madzi. oimira ake sanali unicellular yekha, koma kachitidwe lonse la algae, ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, miyala yamtengo wapatali, hydras, thonje wakale ndi zinthu zina. Nyama zimenezi wakale pang'onopang'ono kudya onse amene anapanga zinthu zinazake. Mu nthawi yomweyo ya chitukuko cha dziko linayamba.
zomera wakale
Akukhulupirira kuti pa dziko loyamba "kunja" wa mbewu. Poyamba anali wouma Seaweed nthawi osaya nthawi. algae buluu wobiriwira ndi zomera woyamba pa dziko. Iwo m'malo ndi psilophytes. The mizu sizinathe, koma kale maselo minofu pochititsa madzi ndi zakudya. Ndiye anadza horsetails, kalabu ndere ndi Mumapezekanso. Ndi kukula kwa zomera anali weniweni zimphona wamtali monga nyumba 10-storey. Mu nkhalango zawo munali mdima ndi chinyezi kwambiri. Choyamba gymnosperms chiyani osadzuka mwa Mumapezekanso ndi fern kwa amene ali kale ndi mizu, makungwa, mtima ndi korona. Pa glaciation makolo anakhala gymnosperms zinatha. Angiosperms anaonekera mu nthawi Cretaceous. Iwo kwambiri anakankhira makolo awo - gymnosperms, kusintha nkhope ya dziko, nakhala kalasi akulamulira.
Origin yotuluka ndi kulowa dzuwa loyamba
Maonekedwe pa zomera m'dziko chinathandiza zikamera ndi kukula kwa tizilombo. The wamkulu nyama zapamtunda - ndi kangaude, nthumwi otchuka amene ali oti muli nazo zida kangaude. Kenako, panali tizilombo mapiko, kenako ndi achule. Pakutha Paleozoic zokwawa chogwidwa pansi, anali kukula chidwi kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo ndi atatu-mita pareiasaur, pelycosaur, akula mamita 6.5, therapsids. Yotsirizira anali kalasi ochuluka kuposa amene anali mu malo nthumwi za ang'ono ndi chiphona. Pafupifupi miliyoni 252 zapitazo kunali lonse masoka aakulu, zomwe zinachititsa mofulumira wathunthu 70% ya nyama zonse m'dziko, 96% ya mitundu m'madzi ndi 83% wa tizilombo. Izo zinachitika mu nthawi Permian. Mapeto a Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic anayamba. Zinatha ochuluka monga miliyoni 185-186 zaka. The Mesozoic zikuphatikizapo Triassic, Jurassic ndi nthawi Cretaceous. nyama yakale komanso zomera amene anapulumuka tsokalo, akhalabe kusintha. Popeza theka lachiwiri la Triassic ku mapeto a Mesozoic zinyamazi wotanganidwa malo lalikulu.
Ambuye zinyamazi
zokwawa amenewa anali mitundu yoposa chikwi, kukhazikitsa kuphunzira kuthandiza zotsalira za nyama wakale. Woyambirira dinosaur ankaona staurikosaurus thupi lake kutalika ndi zosakwana mita ndi kulemera pafupifupi 30 kg. Anadzatchedwa errorazavr, eoraptor, plesiosaur, Tyrannosaurus ndi ena. Iwo kwathunthu katswiri dziko, nyanja, anakwera mu mlengalenga. Wotchuka wa abuluzi zouluka - ndi pterodactyl. Pawo panali mitundu, kwa ana aang'ono kuti kukula kwa zimphona mpheta ndi wingspan mamita 12-13. Iwo kudya nsomba, tizilombo ndiponso abale awo. Mu 1964, pamene zofukulidwa anapeza mabwinja a cholengedwa deynonihom. Icho chinali choyamba magazi ofunda dinosaur. Mwina iye anali kholo la mbalame ngati mmene anachitiranso nthenga.
Zinyamazi - chodabwitsa nyama wakale. Anthu ambiri amaona iwo opusa ndi wosazindikira, koma io osati kuikira mazira, koma iwo zimaswa, nkhawa kusamalira ana, kuteteza ndiponso kuphunzitsa ana awo. pelycosaur A anali makolo a nyama oyamba.
ufumu nyama
Pafupifupi 65 miliyoni zapitazo, pa mapeto a Mesozoic, panali ngozi wina zoopsa zomwe zinachititsa zinyamazi onse anakhala zinatha. Komanso mbisoweka mitundu yambiri ya mollusks, zokwawa za m'madzi, zomera. Kachiwiri, imfa munthu spawned zikamera ndi kukula kwa ena. Nyama magazi ofunda chinakwera kusanduka yaitali ndipo pang'onopang'ono anakakhala kagawo kakang'ono zonse zachilengedwe. Izo zinachitika mu Cenozoic, Mesozoic amene m'malo. nthawi yake Quaternary, mpaka lero, munthu anaonekera. Ancient nyama lapansi anapulumuka masoka achilengedwe, anaphedwa ndi anthu wosazindikira pa chiyambi cha anthu ndi Homo sapiens m'mbuyomu posachedwapa. Choncho, kwa 1500 kupha mbalame Moa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 anasiya kukhalako kwa Dodo, Dodo, maulendo, njiwa. M'zaka za m'ma 18 anapha otsiriza nyanja ng'ombe. Mu 19 anafa atsopano quagga chokhala mbidzi kuwoloka, ndi 20 mamita - Tasmanian nkhandwe. Ndipo ichi ndi mbali yaing'ono ya mndandanda chidwi.
apeza zachilendo
nyama zonse akuphedwa umbombo wa anthu. Komabe, pali anthu ambiri odabwitsa padziko lapansi amene akukhudzidwa za kuteteza mitundu analipo lapansi ndi ulendo kupeza latsopano. Okonda amakhulupirira kuti si onse wakale nyama anakhala zinatha. Pali ngakhale sayansi - cryptozoology polimbana ndi mitundu zachilendo relict. Wotchuka wa iwo - plesiosaur ya Loch mwe ndi Puerto Rican chupacabra. Okayikira sindimakhulupirira mu moyo wawo, koma ndi Posachedwapa, palibe amene adakhulupirira zoti kuli okapi ndi, pygmy mvuu, Crossopterygii, mphalapala nyenyezi yaing'ono ndi nyama zina kuti muli otseguka kwa zaka 18-20. Ngati kutsimikizira kuti kutulukira zinthu zatsopano mkudza, anthu kupeza mafupa zachilendo kapena zidutswa matupi zolengedwa sakudziwika kwa sayansi, amene mukuyembekezera kufotokoza awo ndi gulu.