Kodi chitaganya asymmetric? Russia - asymmetric chitaganya

La makhalidwe ofunika zilipo boma la dziko ndi symmetrical kapena asymmetrical. Kuyanjana pakathi pa ufulu pakati pa nzika munthu wa boma ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha dziko lonse ndi zigawo munthu makamaka. Mabukuwa wanenedwa pansipa, tikambirana mfundo za izi mitundu iwiri ya federations. Kambiranani mmene zosiyana, zomwe ndi lochitira, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani Russia - asymmetric chitaganya.

zizindikiro Federation

Federation - kuyanjana kwa mabungwe angapo pagulu, wotchedwa wothandizira. Iwo alibe boma ulamuliro, koma ali ndi mphamvu ndithu mkulu kulenga malamulo awo ndi malamulo. Kuzigawo munthu zigawo komanso tili pansi pa malamulo a dziko limene ili. Komabe, iwo angakhale ndi mabungwe awo nzika, likulu, mbendera ndi zinthu zina za malamulo a boma. Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti munthu mmodzi angathe kukhala membala wa mgwirizano wa mayiko, osati kusiya chitaganya. Aliyense wa iwo akuimira boma, chigawo, chigawo, kapena pansi (mwa unsembe wa Germany kapena Austria).

Choncho, chitaganya ali nkhani khalidwe:

• m'gawo Federation lagawidwa m'madera osiyana (nkhani);
• malamulo ndi zachiweruzo mphamvu akuupereka kwa akuluakulu a boma;
• m'mayikowa pali zipinda ziwiri nyumba ya malamulo.

Pali symmetrical ndi asymmetrical chitaganya.

symmetrical Federation

Choyamba, tiyeni tikambirane za mtundu woyamba. Symmetrical Federation - ndi chitaganya, mbali yaikulu ya umene uli wofana m'maboma onse m'gawo lake. Ena zigawo Republic ndipo yunifolomu mu chikhalidwe ndi Ali ndi kayimidwe ofanana ndi mnzake. Childs, anthu m'dziko ndi dzina zofanana, monga chigawo kapena chigawo. Iwo ntchito dongosolo lomwelo mphamvu, popanda kusiyana amchigawo. Mlingo wa chitukuko cha nkhani pafupifupi pa mlingo ofanana ndi muzochitika munthu wa moyo. Chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi maphunziro ndi ukugwirira ntchito m'dziko lonse la boma mofananamo. Zambiri limati ano ikuyenda cha kumayambiriro zinthu asymmetrical, ngakhale symmetrical kwambiri chitaganya sangathe yaitali kukhalapo mu fomu iyi.

asymmetric chitaganya

Palinso mtundu wosiyana mayiko. Asymmetric chitaganya - boma imene mayiko osiyana, zigawo kapena ufulu dziko ndi wosiyana. zisudzo munthu m'mayikowa amasiyana mawu odetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mabwalo monga mbali ya boma angalole nzika kwa anthu apadera. Ali kumeneko malamulo yekha, mosiyana anatengera mu dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zisudzo zina, ang'onoang'ono, angalenge yekha udzatha zawo. Ena mwa Republic anachita kulengeza okha mayiko odzilamulira, bwino kusonyeza izo mu mapepala ndi malamulo. Dziko ndi chuma ndi katundu wa nzika wamoyo mkati mwa malire ake. Si mbali zonse zimene tiyenera kuziganizira. Asymmetry ndi chinaonekeranso mwa dongosolo malipiro msonkho. Onse nzika za boma kubwezeretsanso bajeti boma ndi kupeza nawo ena a chaulemu. Komabe, ena zigawo angakhale limati mwiniwake ndi kupereka zambiri kuposa kulandira, ndi ena - kuti ang'onoang'ono okhazikika ndi chiyenera kukhala chifukwa cha iwo. Nkhani zina ndipo amachita kukambirana malipiro msonkho m'munsi ndi kusunga mbali ya ndalama yekha.

Zitsanzo symmetrical chitaganya

Zitsanzo mwangwiro symmetrical federations alipo lero, osati kwambiri. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo ndi Ethiopia. Dziko ananena yokha chitaganya symmetrical mu 1994, Kupeza izo zalembedwa mu malamulo yake. Okhumudwa okha kwa kanthawi akhoza kukhalapo, kuyambira iliyonse m'madera limodzi la Federation sangathe kukhala pa maziko ofanana ndi ena. Chifukwa cha ichi, mu dongosolo la boma anaitana ena kusintha, kupereka dziko zizindikiro za asymmetry. Motero tinafika ku Austria ndi Germany.

Austria

Mu Austria, panopa utsogoleri kugawikana kwa dziko pa 9 m'mayiko ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikizapo mzinda wa Vienna, womwe ndi likulu la boma. Lapansi, amapatsidwa anapeka m'maboma munthu, mizinda hayala ndi madera. The legislatures wa maiko onse osankhidwa ndi mavoti otchuka. Land abwanamkubwa zosankhidwa Assembly of dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, akuluakulu a utsogoleri wa Board amaikidwa ndi boma pa. Malamulo amenewa ntchito m'dziko lonseli, koma chigawo ali ndi dongosolo osiyana milandu, zomwe, ngakhale zogwirizana ndi boma, koma ali kusiyana kwake. M'mbali zina za moyo, monga mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lonse ndi maiko a European Union. Komabe, ngakhale pano pali ena siyana (monga mu US). Chigawo chili chonse mu Austria ali Nchito onse payekha mu dongosolo thanzi, komanso chiwerengero cha zofooka. Similar kusiyana maganizo pang'ono zingaoneke m'minda ya maphunziro, mphamvu kapena migodi.

Germany

Mu Germany, izo dongosolo chimodzimodzi. The Federation ali 16 limanenera. 13 iwo onse ankalamulira, ndi 3 atatu - mizinda. chiwerengero zikuphatikizapo likulu la Hamburg, Berlin ndi Bremen. Osiyana a dzina mu Germany m'mayiko feduro, koma si zoonadi, monga malinga ndi zikalata zofunikira, onse ogwirizana boma limodzi ndi saona monga mayunitsi palokha utsogoleri. Kupatsila - lagdat - chigawo kusankhidwa ndi anthu, ndiye matupi wamkulu, ndi nduna yaikulu ndiponso zigawo zina amaikidwa ndi Landtag. Chinthu chokha chimene chichititsa Germany asymmetry zinthu - wosiyana chifaniziro cha dziko mu nyumba m'munsi, koma mwalamulo ali ndi udindo wofanana.

Zitsanzo za chitaganya asymmetric

Zitsanzo Chitsanzo cha chitaganya asymmetric ndi maiko monga India, Tanzania, Brazil ndi Canada. Zina dziko ndi zigawo m'mayikowa kwakukulukulu osiyana Chrixitu malinga ndi udindo wawo ndi ufulu. chiwerengero cha m'mayiko amenewa akuphatikizapo United States ndi Russia. Ndipotu m'mayiko awiriwa ali federations ndi multilevel chosokonekera dongosolo feduro. Osachepera ndizo zimene zinalembedwa ndondomeko ya.

USA

Ngati kwambiri bwino dongosolo US a boma, yankho ku funso chifukwa chake anthu amati ndi chitaganya asymmetric, kumakhaladi kuposa zoonekeratu. Choncho, United States lagawidwa limati 55. Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wofanana, okhala limati awa American nzika popanda kuchotserapo iliyonse. Anthu okhala m'dera la dziko, ali ndi ufulu ndi udindo womwewo. The nsomba ndi kuwonjezera limati yaikulu ya amerika akugwirizana nawo nkhani angapo. DC, mwachitsanzo. Dera limeneli si m'gulu aliyense wa ndodo ndi anthu amene amakhala m'gawo lake, ali ndi ufulu ochepa. Pankhaniyi, Colombia palibe munthu mu Senate, ndi nthumwi mu Nyumba ya Congress sichikhala ndi ufulu kuvota. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo chilumba m'madera a United States. Islands Izi Virgin, American Samoa ndi Guam. Ena mwa nyumba ndi pansi kulamulira boma, monga mbali ya ufulu ena mwa mawu a wodzilamulira. Komanso, anthu okhala m'zilumba sali ngakhale US nzika ali nzika zawo Choncho, simungathe ngakhale kutenga nawo mbali pa chisankho cha Pulezident.

Canada

Canada lagawidwa m'zigawo 10 ndi 3 m'madera. Izi mitundu ya nkhani amasiyana pa zinthu zingapo. Zigawo ndi mphamvu apamwamba amene akhala analemba nawo mwa Constitution kumbuyo mu 1867. ufulu wawo ndi sizisintha. Iwo akhoza kusintha yekha ndi kusintha malamulo oyendetsera dziko palokha. Province popanda kudalira boma Chrixitu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale malamulo oyendetsera dziko pali kusintha, iwo sangachite pa chigawo, amene wachita posonyeza kusagwirizana ake ndi kusinthidwa atsopano. Choncho malamulo akuzigawo angathe kusintha pa nthawi iliyonse. Osadalira pa Canada angathe apereke malamulo zokhudza malo awo a ntchito, kaya mankhwala, maphunziro kapena malonda, koma boma kuti mbali angathe kukonza pulogalamu ya chigawo osiyana kuona mlingo wa yamtunduwu mu dera. m'chigawo Control akuluakulu Pankhaniyi kuti asokonezenso mwambowu.

Russia ngati chitaganya asymmetric

Russia ndi asymmetric chitaganya, ngakhale kuti Constitution ikuti boma zosiyana. Malinga ndi zomwe zafotokozeredwa Article 5 la Constituion, anthu onse boma (zigawo yoyenda yokha, m'madera ndi mayiko) ndi ofanana kwambiri. Kaya makhalidwe malo. Komabe, kutsimikizira kuti Russia ndi asymmetric chitaganya, suffices kuona mmene ntchito zina zisudzo ndi, makamaka dziko. Ena malamulo awo, osankhidwa pulezidenti (mwachitsanzo, Republic Chechen ndi de A facto boma osiyana). Anthu amene akukhala mu madera awa ndi dziko lawo, ngakhale kuti iwo akukhalabe mu Russia. Federated mabungwe maudindo amenewa alibe. Ena zigawo yoyenda yokha yonse ndi a m'mbali munthu amene amakwiya kumvera kwa mutu wina ndi mzake. oimira dziko ndi mapangano ndi zigawo munthu, mayiko ndi maiko. Nthawi zambiri, mapangano musati amasiyana mzake, koma nkhani zina anapereka mphamvu zambiri.

Kumenyana ndi Russia ndi asymmetry

Ku Russia ndi asymmetrical, koma achiyesa kupasula dongosolo, dongosolo boma tinapangidwa mwa atumwi wotsiriza. Tcheyamani wa RSFSR Supreme Soviet Boris Yeltsin mu 1990, akufuna kuphatikiza wachigawo wamng'ono ndi m'mphepete mwa Czech Republic, koma ntchito iyi sanalandire pofuna kukwaniritsa. Kenako mu 1995, ena zisinthe zachitika. Atsogoleri a m'maboma ufulu wofanana ndi Pulezidenti wa dziko. Poyamba, abwanamkubwa anasankhidwa mwa akuluakulu a boma, m'nyengo kuyambira 1995, ndipo kusankhidwa ndi anthu lero.