Kayendedwe Social ku Russia: mbiri ya yatsoka

kayendedwe Social ngati osiyana chachikulu gulu la anthu ogwirizana ndi cholinga wamba aliyense nthawi yayitali. maonekedwe awo chikugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha absolutism mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Kayendedwe choyamba makhalidwe a anthu ku Russia anali mu chikhalidwe cha zipolowe ndipo anatuluka ngati poyankha kusintha zachuma, zandale ndi chikhalidwe zikuchitika mmadera.

Mwachitsanzo kayendedwe chikhalidwe chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma zingachititse zinachitika mu 1648 ku Moscow Salt chiwawa. Chifukwa cha ichi kusintha kupanduka msonkho anakhala boyar Boris Morozov (1647), limene akufuna kukhazikitsa zina, wolowerera kwa anthu wamba, ndi kulanda - msonkho pa mchere. The chifukwa cha mamangidwe anali kuchepetsa kudya mchere ndi Chiwerengero cha mzindawo ndi kuwonjezeka lakuthwa kugwirizana ndi kusakhutira izi.

Patapita chaka chimodzi, a msonkho mchere chinathetsedwa, koma m'malo anayambitsa zina misonkho mwachindunji. nthawi iyi, kusakhutira awo anali kutanthauza osati anthu wamba komanso mamembala a amazikonda anthu otchuka. The zinthu zisaipe wakhala itakula mu Moscow pambuyo oponya mivi ya Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich nzika anabalalitsidwa, anaganiza kuti adzampatsa pempho lawo. M'chaka cha 1648 anayamba pogroms misa nyumba boyars, ndi instigators kuyenda chikhalidwe anafuna kuwapatsa kukaphedwa Morozov ndi zina mwa kukonza msonkho wa zaka zaposachedwapa, boyars. Zotsatira za kupanduka anali mapangidwe m'tauni Union, olemekezeka, ndi oponya mivi amene anafunsa convening chotsatira Zemsky Sobor. Patapita nthawi, potsanzira Moscow, kuukirana ofanana ankachitika ena okhala m'madera kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa dzikolo.

Chitsanzo ichi tikuona kuti kayendedwe woyamba chikhalidwe mu Russia anauka zokha poyankha zimene nzika pafupi anthu mu mphamvu. kayendedwe amenewa natenga maonekedwe a misa, anali mtsogoleri wawo, koma kuwatcha chafika lenileni la mawu zosatheka. Chofunika kwambiri iwo anali ndi khalidwe gulu yodziwika ndi bwino anakonza zochita akulembayo, kusowa kwa gulu komanso mtsogoleri wamphamvu, zochita posakonzekera la gululo.

The heyday kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe mu Russia imagwera pa atumwi 19-20. Inali nthawi imeneyi mfundo yoyamba chosintha ochokera ku maganizo a Anthu ambiri ndi kanjedza anthu. The boma choyamba, monga ulamuliro, anali ophunzira a Moscow ndi St. Petersburg yunivesite. Khumi chachiwiri cha m'ma 19 ku St. Petersburg, pali woyamba chinsinsi gulu la alonda ( "zigawenga Opatulika"), bungwe kukonda dziko lako ( "Union cha Chipulumutso"). magulu awa chikhalidwe zosiyana ndi wapitawu pamaso pa atsogoleri ndi cholinga (chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, kupasula boma panopa), okhwima mobisa, nthawi ya kukhalapo. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, pa University Moscow ndi slavophiles mugs, azungu, utopians chikhalidwe, etc. kukula kusakhutira misa ndi mavuto a Russian wamba kuchigawo chimenechi.

Pamene zaka za m'ma 20, kayendedwe chidwi kwambiri zokhudza nyengo anali kunyanyala ndi kunyanyala ogwira ntchito ku mafakitare wa Moscow, ndi Donbas, ndi Urals, ndi chipani cha ndale cha SRs ndi Democrats Social migwirizano mtendere - olemba ndi aluntha.

kayendedwe Contemporary chikhalidwe mu Russia ndi zosiyanasiyana kwambiri, ambiri a iwo anafuna, monga ulamuliro, ndi zolinga mtendere. ntchito yawo umalimbana kuteteza zofuna za magulu ena a anthu, polimbana ndi siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu wa nzika za dziko. Kuli ndi ntchito za monyanyira mabungwe chikhalidwe akuletsedwa, monga ulamuliro, pa mlingo malamulo.