Kachisi ku Yerusalemu. Yerusalemu Woyera Manda: mbiri ndi zithunzi

- Yerusalemu mzinda kusiyana. Mu Israyeli, maudani okhazikika pakati pa Asilamu ndi Ayuda, nthawi yomweyo mu malo oyera mwamtendere moyo Ayuda, Aluya, ku Armenia ndi ena.

Yerusalemu mipingo kunyamula chikumbukiro zaka zikwizikwi. Mpanda kukumbukira malamulo Kira Velikogo ndipo Dariyo Ine, kupanduka kwa Amaccabee ndi ulamuliro wa Solomo, Yesu akutulutsa malonda m'kachisi.

Werengani ndi mudzaphunzira zambiri m'mbiri akachisi mu mzinda woyera dzikoli.

Yerusalemu

Yerusalemu mipingo kusangalatsa malingaliro a amwendamnjira kwa zaka. Mzinda uno moona ankaona chopatulika kwambiri padziko lapansi, kuyambira okhulupirira pano chidwi zipembedzo zitatu.

Akachisi a Yerusalemu, zithunzi zomwe zili m'munsimu amatchula Chiyuda, Islam ndi Chikhristu. Lero, alendo amakonda ku Western Wall, Al-Aqsa Mosque ndi Dome wa Rock ndi Mpingo wa Mfundo za Lady athu ndi kachisi.

Mu dziko la Chikhristu, ndi wotchuka kwa Yerusalemu. Manda Opatulika (chithunzi chimene chili kumapeto kwa nkhani) imatengedwa kukhala malo a kupachikidwa ndi kuuka kwa Khristu. kachisi chimenechi njira zina kukhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa chiyambi cha nyengo za Nkhondo za Mtanda.

Chakale ndi Chatsopano Town

Pali Yerusalemu Watsopano lero ndi Old. Ngati ife kulankhula za woyamba, ndi mzinda wamakono ndi misewu lonse ndi nyumba mkulu-nyamuka. Iwo ali sitima atsopano m'sitolo ndi zambiri zosangalatsa.

Kumangidwa kwa kumpanda latsopano ndi kuthetsa wa Ayuda anayamba ndi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Lisanaperekedwe, anthu ankakhala mu masiku Old Town. Koma kupanda malo zomangamanga, kusowa kwa madzi komanso nkhawa zimakhudza ena yowonjezera malire Pamudzi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu oyamba a nyumba yatsopano kulipira ndalama anachoka pa linga la mzindawo. Koma iwo ali ndithu nthawi yaitali kumbuyo mu kumpanda wa zaka usiku, chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pakhoma adzawateteza kwa adani.

Mzinda watsopano wotchuka lero osati luso. Pali zinthu zochititsa chidwi zambiri, zipilala ndi zokopa zina za mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi zaka makumi awiri.

Komabe, kuchokera amazionera a mbiri, ndikofunika kwambiri ndi Old Town. Pali tiakachisi wakale ndi zipilala za zitatu zipembedzo dziko.

Old Town - ndi mbali ya Yerusalemu wamakono, kamodzi imakhala kuseri kwa mpanda wa linga wa. m'dera lagawidwa anayi - Ayuda, Chiameniya, Christian ndi Muslim. Ndi apa kuti chaka chimakopa anthu mamiliyoni amwendamnjira ndi alendo.

tiakachisi dziko amaonedwa ena a Yerusalemu Temple. Kwa Akhristu, ndi kachisi wa Manda Opatulika, kwa Asilamu - Al-Aqsa Mosque Ayuda - ena kachisi mu mawonekedwe a Western Wall (kusisima Wall).

Tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za tiakachisi wotchuka kwambiri mu Yerusalemu, amene akulemekezedwa padziko lonse. Mu mbali yawo kupemphera anthu ambiri. Kodi kotero wotchuka akachisi izi?

Kachisi

Osati Myuda amene akanakhoza konse malo opatulika, "kachisi wa Yahweh." Izi zinali zotsutsana ndi malamulo achipembedzo. "Dzina la GD sangathe analankhula," kotero chihemacho zinkatchedwa "Woyera House", "Palace la Yehova" kapena "Nyumba ya Elohim."

Choncho, mwala woyamba mpingo anamangidwira mu Isiraeli pambuyo kugwirizana kwa Davide ndi mwana wake Solomo madzindza mazinji. Isanafike opatulika uwu unali mu maonekedwe a chihema kunyamula ndi likasa la pangano. malo Small kulambira amatchulidwa mmizinda monga Betelehemu, Sekemu, Givat Shaul, ndi ena.

yomanga wakhala chizindikiro cha kugwirizana kwa anthu Israeli kachisi wa Solomo ku Yerusalemu. Mfumu anasankha mudzi lino ndi cholinga chimodzi - anali mtundu wa mayiko pa malire a Yuda ndi Benjamini. Yerusalemu wakhala likulu la mtundu wa Ayebusi.

Choncho, osachepera pa gawo la Ayuda ndi Aisrayeli, iye sayenera zagonjetsedwa kwa wakubayu.

Davide anagula phiri la Moriya (masiku ano limatchedwa Kachisi) mu Aravny. Apa guwa lansembe Mulungu anauika malo opunthira kuti asiye matenda amene anthu kachilombo. Akukhulupirira kuti pa nthawiyi, Abraham anali woti apereke nsembe mwana wake. Koma mneneri Naftan Analimbikitsa Davide kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga kachisi, ndi kupatsa udindo mwana wake kukula.

Choncho, Temple Choyamba inamangidwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Solomo. Iye analipo kale chiwonongeko mwa Nebukadinezara 586 BC.

kachisi wachiwiri

Pafupifupi theka patapita zaka latsopano Persian wolamulira Kiri Veliky akulola Ayuda abwerere ku Palestine ndi kumanganso kachisi wa Solomo mfumu ya ku Yerusalemu.

Lamulo Koresi analola anthu osati kubwerera ku ukapolo, koma anaperekanso ziwiya mpikisano kachisi, ndipo analamula kuonetsetsa ndalama pa ntchito yomanga. Koma kufika kwa mafuko ku Yerusalemu, pambuyo yomanga guwa, anayamba kukangana pakati pa Aisrayeli ndi Asamariya. Yotsirizira sanalole yomanga kachisi.

Pomaliza, mikangano anali lingathetsedwe pokhapokha kuchotsa Koresi Wamkulu Dariyo Hystaspes. Iye anatsimikizira mu kulemba malamulo onse ndipo panokha analamula kuti amalize kumanga kachisi. Choncho, ndendende makumi asanu patatha zaka za kuwonongedwa kwa Yerusalemu kachisi zazikulu limzake.

Ngati nyumba yoyamba kudziwika monga Solomoni, yemwe ankatchedwa novovozvedenny zorovavelevym. Koma pa nthawi lawola, ndi Mfumu Herode anaganiza kukonzanso phiri la Moriya, zikugwirizana ndi gulu loyimba kamangidwe ka kwambiri yapamwamba midadada mzinda.

Motero, kukhalapo kwa Kachisi Wachiwiri lagawidwa magawo awiri - Zerubabele, ndi Herode. Chifukwa ndinapulumuka kupanduka wa Maccabees ndi kugonjetsa Roma, malo opatulika amamuonera mtundu wa shabby. 19 BC, Herode anaganiza kusiya kukumbukira mu mbiri pa ndime Solomo, ndipo reconstructs zovuta.

Makamaka izi ndi ansembe zikwi ophunzitsidwa yomanga miyezi ingapo, monga mkati mwa mpingo ukanangolandira iwo. Nyumba kwambiri ya m'nyumba yopatulika ya ena makhalidwe Agiriki ndi Aroma, koma makamaka pa kusintha lake si mfumu ananena. Koma Herode yomanga kunja ndi kwathunthu miyambo yabwino ya Agiriki ndi Aroma.

Monga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo yomanga atsopano anawonongedwa. kupanduka Anti-Aroma zinayamba zinachititsa Choyamba Ayuda ndi Aroma nkhondo. Tito anawononga malo opatulika ngati malo waukulu wauzimu wa Aisrayeli.

kachisi wachitatu

Akukhulupirira kuti kachisi wachitatu mu Yerusalemu yang'anirani Mesiya. Pali Mabaibulo angapo kuyendera kachisi uyu. Kusiyana zonse n'zochokera m'buku la mneneri Ezekieli, amene alinso mbali ya Tanakh.

Choncho, ena amakhulupirira kuti Temple Chachitatu mozizwitsa uka usiku. Ena ochirikiza kuti m'pofunika chilili monga mfumu anasonyeza malo, anamanga kachisi woyamba.

Chinthu chokha palibe chikaiko pa onse akuitanira kwa yomanga m'dera lino, kuti akumanga. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Ayuda ndi Akhristu mu malo pa tsinde la mwala, limene lili Kubat Al-Sakhra lero.

tiakachisi Muslim

Kunena za kachisi ku Yerusalemu, simungathe kulankhula kokha Chiyuda kapena Chikhristu. Palinso wachitatu yaikulu komanso wakale choyambiriracho kachisi wa Islam. Izi Al-Aqsa Mosque ( "Kumalekezero"), chomwe nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi wachiwiri Muslim chipilala wa zomangamanga - Kubat Al-Sakhra ( "Dome wa Rock"). Kuti yotsirizira ali lalikulu golide mzikiti kuti kumaoneka makilomita ambiri.

Al-Aqsa ili pa kachisi. Linamangidwa mu 705 AD mkulu wa Caliph Umar al-Faruq. Mosque kangapo kumangidwanso, anakonza, ongoyendayenda chiwonongeko pa chivomezi anali ngati likulu la Knights Templar. Lero, kachisi uyu ali okwanira zikwi zisanu okhulupirika.

Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti mtundu al-Aqsa Mosque mzikiti Sinoval-imvi ndi n'chochepa kwambiri kuposa Al-Sakhra.

"Dome wa Rock" kutama zomangamanga. Nzosadabwitsa alendo ambiri anaona matenda siteji kuwala chifukwa ku Yerusalemu. mudzi uwu uli chabe chodabwitsa kukongola, kale mbiri ya ndende.

Al-Sakhra inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma chiwiri mochedwa ndi mapulani awiri mkulu wa Caliph Abd al-Malik Al-Marwan. Ndipotu inamangidwa zaka zingapo pamaso pa al-Aqsa, koma si mzikiti. M'lingaliro kamangidwe, mzikiti uwu pa zopatulika "Mwala wa madziko", limene amanena kuti wayamba chilengedwe cha mtendere ndi Muhammad anakwera kumwamba ( "Miraj").

Choncho, Yerusalemu pali lonse osiyanasiyana malo Chisilamu woyera pa kachisi. Ndi mzinda wa osiyanitsa ngakhale mpweya mkangano m'derali, meters yokha angapo kwa iye Ayuda kupemphera pafupi mmene analirira Wall.

kachisi wa Virgin

Kachisi wa Mulungu mu Yerusalemu mzinda umene tsopano mwalamulo anaitana ansembe yotchedwa wa Mfundo za Lady athu, ali ndi mbiri chidwi ndi wachisokonezo.

Linamangidwa mu 415 pansi Bishop John Kwachiwiri. Icho chinali tchalitchi Byzantine, amene ankatchedwa "Woyera Ziyoni." Malinga Ioanna Bogoslova anakhalapo kuno ndi reposed Namwali Wodalitsidwa. Akukhulupirira kuti opatulika woyamba inamangidwa pa malo ano gawo la Mgonero wa Ambuye ndi zikhumbo za Mzimu Woyera atumwi pa Pentekosite.

Iye kawiri anawonongedwa ndi Aperisiya (chiwiri m'ma) ndi Muslim (atumwi khumi ndi chitatu). Anabwezeretsa am'deralo, ndiyeno Akhristu. Koma heyday wa agulupa, amene lero ndi imodzi mwa abbeys, akubwera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Patapita zaka zambiri ulamuliro wachisilamu pa gawo, pa ulendo zikuluzikulu Mfumu Wilhelm II ku Palestine, Benedicto Order akugula chidutswa cha dziko kwa handiredi ndi twente zikwi zizindikiro ndi golide Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ankakhulupirira chinayamba kumangidwa, amene mwakuchita abale German wa Katolika Order. The wamanga anali Henry Renard. Iye analinganiza kuti amange mpingo, ofanana ku tchalitchi Carolingian mu Aachen. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, kuchokera pa mwambo German zomangamanga, mu agulupa ya Dona Wathu wa Akukwera mabwana anayambitsa Byzantine ndi zamakono zinthu Muslim.

Lero, kachisi uyu ali mu chigawo cha German Society wa Land Woyera. Pulezidenti wake ndi bishopu wamkulu wa Cologne.

Woyera Manda

Kachisi wa Ambuye ku Yerusalemu ndi zambiri mayina, koma mwina chinyezimiro cha lingaliro. Kachisi waima pa malo pamene adampachika Mwana wa Mulungu. Ataukitsidwa pano. Mu kachisi uyu, pali mwambo wapachaka wa mbadwa ya Moto.

Ikani kumene zowawa, adamwalira, nauka Iisus Hristos, wakhala adzalemekezedwa ndi okhulupirira. Kukumbukira kuti sanataye pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha Yerusalemu ndi Tito, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo kuli pa malo a kachisi wa Venus, yomwe inamangidwa pansi Hadrian.

Only mu 325, mayi wa mfumu wa Roma Konstantina Velikogo, amene moyo ankatchedwa Flaviya Avgusta (christened Elena), ndi pambuyo canonization ndi dzina Wofanana Atumwi Helen, anayamba kumanga mpingo wa Chikhristu.

Kwa chaka malo awa anakhazikitsidwa mpingo. Linamangidwa pafupi ndi tchalitchi cha ku Betelehemu kutsogoleredwa ndi Macarius. Pa nthawi imene iye anamangidwa kuipidwa nyumba - kachisi mausoleum kuti crypt wa. Alimiwa, izi zikuchokera yaikulu amatchulidwa wotchuka Madaba mapu, zimene ziri za zana lachisanu.

Mpingo wa Kuuka ku Yerusalemu, woyamba wodzipereka mu ulamuliro wa Konstantina Velikogo ndi kukhalapo munthu wa mfumu. Ndi zaka 335 mu tsiku lino chikondwerero chochitika kwambiri - Zosintha Kachisi (26 September).

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa 1009 ndi Caliph al-Hakim anasamutsidwa umwini Nestorius mpingo, pang'ono kuwononga nyumbayi. Mphekesera zimene zinachitika atafika Ulaya, iyi inali imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zikuluzikulu za Nkhondo za Mtanda.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma akhumi ndi Templars anamanganso kachisi zovuta. kalembedwe Romanesque wa nyumbayi masiku ano mu wakunja kwatawuni New Jerusalem Temple, amene tikambirana pansipa.

Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi mu m'ma chivomezi kwambiri asokoneza maonekedwe a kachisi wa. The yopemphereramo anakhala pang'ono, ndiye monga izo ziriri lero. Komanso, chiwonongeko cha Edicule akhudzidwa. Kubwezeretsa nyumbayi ali wotanganidwa ndi agulupa Francis.

Woyera Manda lero

Monga ife tanenera kale, malo otchuka kwambiri a Haji ku Middle East ndi Yerusalemu. Manda Opatulika (limene lili pansipa chithunzi) chimakopa anthu mamiliyoni okhulupirira masiku opatulika. Zinali pano chaka pansi Moto Woyera. Ngakhale mwambo ambiri a mitsinje ukufalitsidwa online, anthu ambiri amakonda kuona chozizwitsa ndi maso awo.

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kachisi inali pa moto ndi kutentha mbali ya Anastasis, ndi kuwonongeka kwa Edicule akhudzidwa. Malo msanga obwezeretsedwa, koma patapita zaka zinaonekeratu kuti mpingo ukusowa kubwezeretsedwa. Kutha kwa gawo loyamba la ntchito chinalepheretsa Wachiwiri World nkhondo, kotero chikunena kuwamaliza anatambasula mpaka 2013.

Kwa zaka, ilo linapangidwa likulu kubwezeretsa zovuta wonse, rotunda ndi mzikiti.

Lero, kachisi zikuphatikizapo malo a kupachikidwa kwa Yesu Khristu (Kalvare), Manda ndi rotunda pamwamba (panali m'chipinda chotetezeka kumene anagona thupi la Mwana wa Mulungu, komabe iye sanauke), ndi Kupeza wa mpingo Cross, KATHOLIKON, mpingo Wofanana Atumwi Elena ndi matchalitchi angapo.

Lero, kachisi Chili oimira zipembedzo asanu ndi limodzi nawo m'gawo lake ndi maola awo kulambira. Zikuphatikizapo Aitiopiya, Chikoputiki Catholic, Suriya, Greek Orthodox ndi mipingo Chiameniya.

Choona chidwi ndi zotsatirazi. Kupewa zotsatira zoipa-amawaona mikangano zipembedzo zosiyana ndi chinsinsi kachisi mu banja Muslim (Dzhude), ndi kutsegula chitseko kokha membala wa mtundu wina wa Arabic (Nuseybe). Mwambo umenewu wakhala atamangika kumbuyo mu 1192 ndipo walemekezedwa lero.

New Jerusalem obisika

"New Jerusalem" kalekale loto la olamulira ambiri Moscow ukulu. Boris Godunov anakonza yomanga ake mu Moscow, koma ntchito sanasinthe padera.

Kachisi mu Yerusalemu Watsopano kumeneko pamene anali mabishopu, Nikon. Iye mu 1656, anakhazikitsa obisika, omwe amayenera kutengera zovuta lonse la malo oyera Palestine. Today akachisi otani - Istra, Sovetskaya St, nyumba 2.

Isanafike chiyambi cha zomangamanga pa malo a kachisi inali m'mudzi Redkina ndi nkhalango yapafupi. M'kupita kwa phiri kulimbitsa, mitengo kudula, ndi onse dzina mtunda linasinthidwa Uthenga. Tsopano pali Eleonskii mapiri a Ziyoni, ndipo Tabori. The mtsinje Istra tsopano kudziwika ndi Jordan. Kuuka Cathedral, chomwe anachipanga mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, pobwereza zikuchokera kachisi wa Manda Opatulika.

Ndi maganizo woyamba wa kholo lakale Nikon ndipo kenako anasangalala malo awa makonzedwe apadera a Alexei Mikhailovich. Sources amatchula kuti inali nthawi yoyamba iye anatcha zovuta "New Jerusalem" pa mwambo wopereka otsiriza.

Apa inali yoti achulukane laibulale komanso ana ankaphunzira sukulu nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. Pambuyo zamanyazi wa Nikon ansembe yotchedwa amabwera mu zina ziyambe kukonzedwa. Nthawi akweza kwambiri kuchokera zopangira Fedor Alekseevich, amene anali wophunzira wa mbadwa ukapolo.

Choncho, lero ife zafikapo ndi inu pa ulendo pafupifupi ena a maofesi kachisi wotchuka kwambiri wa Yerusalemu, ndipo anapita New Jerusalem Temple mu dela la mzinda.

Zabwino zonse kwa inu, wokondedwa owerenga! Tiyeni zinakuchitikirani lidzakhala lowala, ndi kuyenda - chidwi.