Indian Ocean: kuya nyanja. Pansi pa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kutentha ndi mpumulo ya Indian Ocean

lathuli ndi wapamwamba njira iliyonse: zosiyanasiyana yaikulu ya zomera, chuma chosaneneka zinyama ndi chochuluka wosatha wa moyo m'madzi. Zonsezi ndi zambiri ali m'dziko lathu lokongolali.

Ndithudi aliyense amadziwa kuti padzikoli pali anayi chachikulu nyanja. Onsewo ali wamkulu njira zawo. Pacific, mwachitsanzo, yaikulu Atlantic - mchere Arctic - ozizira ndi Indian - ndi lotentha kwambiri. Apa ndi otsiriza ife kuthera nkhani yathu.

Kodi mukudziwa kuti nyanja ya Indian Ocean ndi wachitatu waukulu? Malo si kwambiri ngakhale ali ochepera kuposera miliyoni 76,17 Km, umene uli 20% ya dziko lonse lapansi. Choncho kodi zinsinsi za ngwazi lachinsinsi la masitolo wathu? Ife adzamvetsa ina.

General mudziwe malo

Mu kumpoto, nyanja umatsuka chachinsinsi Asia, kum'mawa - wofuna Australia, kumadzulo - dzuwa Africa, ndi kumwera - ndi frosty Antarctica. ³⁰ meridian kumpoto kumpoto ndi chimbuzi ku Indian Ocean. Inkakhala ku Persian Gulf. ^{20. kum'mawa} longitude mitundu meridian malire ndi nyanja ya Atlantic kwa Pacific - ^pafupifupi 55 146 a longitude chomwecho. Kutalika ya Indian Ocean - 100,000 Km.

mawu ochepa A mbiri

Madera ena a chitukuko wakale inali ndendende m'mphepete mwa ngwazi wathu. Akatswiri amanena kuti munthu wa panyanja woyamba anazindikira pa madzi nyanja ya Indian Ocean, 6 zikwi. Zaka zapitazo. Anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane Arab oyendetsa njira nyanja. Mfundo yoyamba Hrs anaonekera mu 90s kwa zaka za m'ma 15, pa moyo wa Vasco de A Gama, woyamba m'mbiri anagonjetsa njira ku Ulaya India. Ndipo Iye anamuuza za kukongola zambiri za madzi, zomwe watipatsa Indian Ocean.

mozama nyanja anali anayeza koyamba otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse kuyenda panyanja James Cook, wotchuka chifukwa ulendo wake padziko lonse ndiponso zimene ambiri mu munda wa madera. Onani nyanja m'zonse, anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mmodzi wa mamembala a Maulendo wotchuka British mzere expanses wosatha wa ngalawa wotchuka "Challenger".

Amene dziko ndi osambitsidwa ndi Indian Ocean?

Izi umatsuka chimphona nambala yaikulu limati, ndi onse kumtunda komanso chilumba.

M'mayiko Ngelezi ya Indian Ocean:

- India;

- Australia;

- Thailand;

- Saudi Arabia;

- Iran;

- Iraq;

- Indonesia;

- Egypt;

- Somalia;

- Kenya;

- South Africa;

- Pakistan;

- United Arab Emirates;

- Myanmar;

- Malaysia;

- Mozambique;

- Bangladesh;

- Oman.

Indian Ocean chilumba dziko:

- Mauritius;

- Maldives;

- Sri Lanka;

- Madagascar;

- Seychelles.

Apa amenewa lalikulu Indian Ocean.

Kuya kwa nyanja

Indian Ocean ali mu kapangidwe kake a m'nyanja zisanu. Iwo apanga mozama ndi dera ngwazi wathu. Mwachitsanzo, Mluya Nyanja ndi imodzi mwa kuya ku Indian Ocean. A mfundo yaikulu ndi m'ma nyanja zitunda, mu malo ake, kumene chigwa Rift ili. Kuzama pamwamba si kwambiri kapena zochepa, ndipo 3600 m. Mfundo kuya kwa nyanja ya Indian ili pafupi ndi cisumbu ca Java mu Sunda ngalande, ndipo 7455 m. Mosiyana ndi Pacific Ocean, sikokwanira, chifukwa kuya ake pazipita 11.022 m. ( Mariana ngalande).

Indian Ocean Nyengo

Ambiri mwa nyanja ali otentha, a kunyanja ndi subequatorial mabacteria, monga kum'mwera kwa malo ake lili M'madera a zitunda mkulu.

Nyengo mvula ndi mphepo nyengo, ndi kumpoto pa nyanja. M'dera limeneli pali nyengo ziwiri: ofunda, bata nyengo ndi yotentha, mvula, mitambo, chimphepo m'chilimwe. Kwa kum'mwera makamu mphepo kum'mwera chakum'mawa malonda. Mu M'madera a zitunda kotentha, zonse chimapambana wamphamvu kumadzulo mphepo. Zolemba malire mpweya amapezeka mu zoni kunyanja (za 3000 mamilimita pa chaka). Osachepera - kugombe la Nyanja Yofiira, Arabia Gulf.

amenewa

Zolemba malire khalidwe amenewa madzi pamwamba pa nyanja ya Indian - pa Nyanja Yofiira ndi Persian Gulf (41%). Ndi ndalama mwachilungamo mkulu wa amenewa anaona mu gawo la kum'mwera kwa kotentha la kum'mawa. Monga ife kusuntha cha Bay la Bengal zimachepa kwambiri - mpaka 34%.

Iwo kumadalira kuwonjezeka mlingo amenewa ya mpweya ndi evaporation.

Osachepera ntchito khalidwe la madzi Antarctic. Monga ulamuliro, ngati chinthu mderali amakhudza limatsogolera madzi oundana.

kutentha

Indian Ocean kutentha padziko madzi ndi ^za 29 C. Iyi ndi mlingo wapamwamba. Pasanathe anaona mu Africa gombe, kumene kwagona Chisomali - + 22-23 ^C. Pa equator, pamwamba madzi kutentha ndi zaka + 26-28 ^C. Ngati kusuntha kum'mwera, akafika -1 ^{° C} (pa Antarctica m'mphepete).

zopereka zake ndi kusintha kutentha wapangidwa ndi namkholowa kuti nthawi zina gawo kusambira M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera.

Monga mmene taonera, pafupifupi kutentha ya Indian Ocean wonse ndi mkulu, nchifukwa chake ngwazi athu ndi kupereka mutu wa "nyanja kutentha kwambiri mu dziko."

Magombe

Indian Ocean ali 19 kumalo (3 a iwo a ku Nyanja Yofiira):

1. Gulf of Aden. N'kofunika okwanira mu chuma. Izo ntchito yonyamula mafuta ndi mafuta mu Europe. Bay chikugwirizana kwa Bab-el-Mandeb Khwalala ndi Nyanja Yofiira. Ndi mbali ya Nyanja Arabia. M'litali ndi 890 sq km. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, dera la Gulf of Aden, milandu akuba Pirate.
2. Great Australian Bight. Utali - 1335 zikwi makilomita lalikulu .. Kuzama - 5670 Km. Bay umachokera ku Western Cape ku Cape ili Tasmania.
3. Carpentaria. Kuzama -. 69 mamita The Bay wa Sea Arafura. Iwo juts m'dziko la 600 Km.
4. Shark. Ili 650 Km from mzinda wa Perth. ndi kumalo onse nyanja ya Indian Ocean ndi mbiri zawo ndi makhalidwe, Shark - yekhayo wa mtundu Heritage ake. Chaka chilichonse, kukongola zachilengedwe amakopeka 120,000 alendo chaka.
5. Spencer. Iwo ankakhala mu Australia South. M'litali - 322 Km, m'lifupi - 129 Km. Umatsuka York Peninsula ndi Eyre.
6. Van Diemen. Dzina anatulukira Abel Tasman polemekeza Kazembe-General Anthony galimoto Diemen. Bay Area ndi 14,000 sq. Km.
7. Manza. Ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Tanzania, 16 Km from m'tauni ya Tanga.
8. Gulf wa Cambay. Ndi ofunika kwambiri ochitirapo malonda, zikugwirizana zamalonda la nyanja ya Indian India. Kutalika ndi 130 Km.
9. Gulf wa Oman. Zikugwirizana ndi Persian Gulf ku Nyanja Arabia. M'litali - 45 Km, m'lifupi - 330 Km, kuya - 3695 Km.
10. Zhosef Bonaparte. Dzina lake polemekeza m'bale wamkulu wa Napoleon. ndi malo makilomita lalikulu 26780. Mu Bay izi achuluka oilfield.
11. Maputo. M'litali - 112 Km, kuya kwa - 16 m, m'lifupi - 40 Km. Mu Bay izi ndi bwino olemera nsomba, makamaka nkhanu nsomba.
12. Saint Vincent. Mmodzi wa kumalo yaikulu kwambiri ku mbali ya kum'mwera ya Australia.
13. Persian Gulf. Zambiri zitsime zamafuta. Ndi zofunika kwambiri geopolitical chilli. Area - 233.000 makilomita lalikulu, kuya - 75 m, m'lifupi - 320 Km, kutalika - 925 Km.
14. Tajura. Umatsuka Djibouti ndi Somalia. Pa njira imene mudzi Ni Ashinova inamangidwa pa m'gawo lake pansi pa dzina "New Moscow".
15. Phang Nga. Ndi otchuka alendo kopita. Area - 400 sq. Km.
16. Gulf wa Martaban. Amatsuka kugombe la Myanmar. Utali - 150 kupita yaitali - 220 Km, kuya kwa - 20 m.
17. Gulf wa Mannar. The zomera olemera ndi zomera ku Indian Ocean. Home mitundu zoposa 3,500 nsomba. Pulogalamu pearling. National Park unakhazikitsidwa mu dera la Gulf, kenako anatchedwa biosphere malo.

The kumalo ya Red Sea ya Indian Ocean

1. Aqaba. M'zaka zaposachedwapa achisangalalo ndi amamuonera kufunika. Utali - 175 Km, m'lifupi - 29 Km. West Bank limabweretsa Egypt, East - Saudi Arabia, North - Jordan ndi Israel.
2. Makadi. Chimakopa alendo ndi magombe ake zidzasintha matanthwe. Kodi Bay anatambasula 30 Km m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Red Sea.
3. Gulf of Suez. Asian Sinaiysky alekanitsa chilumba ku Africa. Utali - 290 Km, m'lifupi - 55 Km.

mpumulo

Thandizo ya Indian Ocean amakhala ndi kuya kwake lokwera wotchedwa Indian chapakati lokwera. Iwo umachokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo ya India. Kuya pafupifupi pamwambapa ndi 3.5 kuchokera kutali. M'madera ena yafupika ndi pafupifupi 2.4 Km. Pambuyo lokwera izi ukugawa. Nthambi yoyamba upita cha kum'mawa nufikira dera la Pacific Ocean, pafupifupi wokhudza Antarctica, ndipo itha pa Southeast Indian Ridge, kuzama kwa zomwe - 3.5 Km.

nthambi wina amapita ku Antarctica kum'mwera ndipo umatha ndi lokwera otchedwa Kargelen-Gausberg, kuya osachepera pamwamba omwe - 0.5 Km, pazipita - 2.3 Km.

Chapakati Indian Ocean lokwera ukugawa mu osiyana-kakulidwe magawo awiri: kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Ili pa dera la kum'mawa beseni m'mayiko a Australia ndi South Australia, kuya amene zimasiyanasiyana 500 7455 m. Mu gawo kumpoto kum'mawa kwa beseni ndi m'mayiko a Australia ndi kuya maganizo, amene ali Indian Ocean. Kuya kwa nyanja, yeniyeni, mfundo zake apamwamba, ili pafupi ndi chilumba cha Java (7455 m).

Pansi pa nyanja ya Indian Ocean kumadzulo kwa dziko la mpumulo n'chosiyana kwambiri kuchokera kummawa, ndi zovuta mu dongosolo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti yotsirizira zambiri ankanyamula kuwonjezeka kwambiri pansi (likuvutika kuti nthawi zambiri umabala kukula ka pachilumbachi) ndi makonzedwe m'goli la mabeseni lapansi.

Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Madagascar ili beseni wotchedwa Chisomali, kuya amene ali 5.2 Km. Kum'mwera kwa chilumbachi ndi yachonde, dzina Crozet kumbali zonse mabeseni lapansi. Mozama pa izo ndi 2.5 kuchokera kutali. Ngati muyenda kumpoto-kum'mawa, pali ku Central Indian beseni. Mozama pa izo ndi 5.5 kuchokera kutali. Pakati Madagascar ndi Crozet Islands, pang'ono kumpoto, ndi maganizo wotchedwa Madagascar ndi akuya 5,78 Km. Kum'mwera - beseni a Cape Agulhas, kuya komwe - 5.5 Km. Relief Indian Ocean kwa Antarctic yodziwika ndi kuchotsa pansi. Kuya kwa malo ukufika 5,8 Km.

Biota

Nature Indian Ocean osiyanasiyana ndi chidwi kwambiri. Ndi kunyumba kwa nyama ndi zomera zimene anazolowera chilala zonse ndi madzi osefukira.

Ambiri mwa gombe otentha ya Indian Ocean anapereka mitengo kapena Rhizophora (nkhalango). A nyama pa gawo anthu mitundu yambiri ya nkhanu. Nsomba otchedwa mudskipper amakhala pafupifupi buku lonse mitengo m'dera la nyanja ya Indian Ocean.

M'madzi osaya a ngale otentha anazolowera moyo pa nsomba zawo ndi invertebrates ambiri.

Mu mabacteria kotentha kukula bulauni, buluu wobiriwira ndi wofiira algae, ambiri a iwo kelp ndi fucus mikrotsistisy. Pakati timayandama ndi chimakhala chogwidwa ndi diatoms, ndi m'madera otentha - peridinians.

The nsomba zazinkhanira wotchuka, amene osakhala zambiri mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndi copepods. Tsopano pali anthu oposa 20,000 mitundu. Mu malo wachiwiri nyama zamoyo m'nyanja, pali modabwitsa ndipo nyamayi. Mwa nsomba kudziwika nsomba, sailfish, nsomba youluka dorado ndi anchovies yowala.

Osankhidwa m'dera la nyanja ndi mitundu oopsa. Nsombayi, ng'ona ndi njoka kawirikawiri kupangira mantha am'deralo lapansi.

Mwa nyama mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean chimakhala chogwidwa ndi anamgumiwa, zinsomba ng'ombe za m'nyanja ndi zisindikizo. Mbalame - anyani, albatrosses ndi mbalame frigate.

dziwe losambirira

Kusambira dziwe Indian Ocean ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Izi zikuphatikizapo mitsinje African - ndi Zambezi ndi Limpopo; mitsinje ikuluikulu Asian - ndi Irrawaddy, Salween; Firate ndi Amabereka, amene kuphatikiza ndi mzake chabe pamwamba pa confluence ya Gulf; Indus imaphwera m'Nyanja Arabia.

Nsomba ndi saltwater nsomba

ntchito zachuma cha anthu m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi ndawala nthawi yaitali. Kuti lero, nsomba ndi nsomba n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chuma cha m'mayiko ambiri, amene atsukidwa ndi Indian Ocean. Kuya kwa nyanja amapereka mphatso wolemera kwa anthu Mwachitsanzo, mu Sri Lanka, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Australia ndi Bahrain Islands amapita kupanga tima wa nacre ndi ngale.

Near Antarctica anthu zimayesetsa whaling, ndi pafupi ndi equator ikuchitika nsomba nsomba.

Mu Gulf, ili magwero zambiri mafuta, ndi malire m'mphepete mwa nyanja zonse, ndi pansi pa madzi.

mavuto Environmental ya Indian Ocean

zochita za anthu kwachititsa mavuto adzaoneni. Ocean madzi ndi zambiri onyansa, amene pang'onopang'ono kumayambitsa kutha kwa mitundu ina ya moyo m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba m'zaka 20 mochedwa anali kuopsezedwa kutha. Achepetsa chiwerengero cha sei ndi Anangumi.

Mu 80s wa m'zaka 20 ndi Commission pa Whaling polima okwana kuletsa kusaka izo. Kulakwila moratorium ndi mosamalitsa kulangidwa monga mwa lamulo. Koma mu 2010, mchikakamizo cha mayiko monga Japan, Denmark, Iceland, chiletso, mwatsoka, izo chinathetsedwa.

zoopsa kwambiri moyo m'madzi ndi kuipitsa mafuta nyanja madzi, mitundu yonse ya zinyalala nyukiliya ndi zitsulo zolemera. Komanso, kudutsa nyanja ndi mafuta njira mathanki kuti kunyamula mafuta ku Persian Gulf ku Ulaya. Ngati zonse ngozi mwadzidzidzi zimachitika pa zoyendera zimenezi, kudzatithandiza kukhala zoopsa za anthu m'madzi.

Phunzirani madera ndi chidwi kwambiri, makamaka pankhani kukongola ndi anthu m'madzi. The maphunziro ambiri mwatsatanetsatane Indian Ocean 7 kalasi ya sukulu mabuku. Ana nsangala kumvera zonse mphunzitsi likunena za chimphona okongola ndi zachinsinsi, amene lokhala ndi kusiyana kwa zomera ndi zinyama wolemera.