Icelandic sagas: ndondomeko, zida, zokhutira ndi ndemanga

Mabuku a ku Icelandic ndi otchuka kwambiri m'mabuku a Scandinavia. Linayambira cha m'ma 1200, panthawi yomwe, malinga ndi maganizo a asayansi, chinenero chinalembedwa m'dziko lino. Komabe, nthano zamalomo ndi miyambo zinaliko kale, ndipo zidapanga maziko a ntchitozi.

Kulongosola mwachidule

Icelandic sagas ndi prose ntchito zomwe zimanena za nthawi zakale osati za dziko lino, komanso za madera ndi maiko oyandikana nawo. Ndicho chifukwa chake ali gwero lamtengo wapatali pa mbiri ya mayiko a kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Kawirikawiri, mawu oti "kutembenuzidwa" amatanthawuza "kuwerengedwa". Chiwembu ndi mawonekedwe a ntchitozi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ufulu wina wowonetsera, zokhala ndi zilembo zamakono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi zenizeni za m'mbuyomo. Amuna amphamvu a nkhaniyi nthawi zambiri ankangoganiza, ankhondo, mafumu. Motero, chilankhulo cha Icelandic ndi mbiri ya zochitika, koma zimangowonjezedwa mu mawonekedwe osangalatsa, ofanana. Kuvuta kumvetsetsa zenizeni zenizeni m'mabuku awa ndizo chifukwa chakuti adabwera kwa ife m'makopi, mapepala achiwiri, zolembedwa pamanja zomwe zimakhala zovuta kudziwa malemba oyambirirawo.

Nkhani za Mafumu

Chiyankhulo cha Icelandic chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwa magawo angapo. Chimodzi mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ndi nkhani zokhudza mafumu achi Norway. Ntchito zina zimanena za olamulira payekha, koma palinso zolembera zolembera, mwachitsanzo, "Circle of Earth" yotchuka, yomwe imatchulidwa ndi wotchuka wotchuka wa kalembedwe ka Scandinavia, wolemba ndakatulo, wolemba mbiri komanso wolemba mbiri Snorri Sturluson. Msonkhanowu umaphatikizapo nkhani zingapo kuyambira nthawi zakale kufikira 1177. Palinso masankho okhudza mafumu a Denmark, mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa iwo akunena za mtundu wina wolamulira Knutling.

About Icelandic Mbiri ndi Malembo

Gulu lachiwiri ndi nthano za Iceland palokha. Zitha kuphatikizidwanso m'magulu angapo. Pali zomwe zimatchedwa sagas nthawi zakale, zomwe panthawi yake zimatchedwa "zabodza", monga zafotokozedwa zaka mazana ambiri chisanafike chiwonongeko cha chilumba, zokhudzana ndi zomwe sizinapulumutse. Chifukwa chake, gwero lawo lalikulu linali nthano zakale, nthano ndi nyimbo, zomwe, mwa njira, zilembo zimawonekera mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ena a Chijeremani.

Chinthu cholemekezeka kwambiri ku Iceland mu mndandandawu ndi, mwinamwake, "Legend of Sturlung", oyimilira a banja lakale lomwe linamenya nkhondo. Ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za zochitika: m'malemba mungapeze zambiri ndi zochititsa chidwi za mbiri yakale za dziko lapitalo. Gulu lachiwirili likuphatikizansopo za ma Bishopu, omwe amafotokoza atsogoleri achipembedzo a zaka 11-14 komanso mpingo wa m'dzikoli. Ndipo, potsiriza, gulu lachitatu limasuliridwa ntchito zochitika kuchokera ku mbiri ya anthu ena a ku Ulaya (mwachitsanzo, "Trojan Saga").

Toponymy

Malo ofunika kwambiri pakati pa mabuku a Scandinavia ndi nthano za anthu a ku Iceland. Ntchito izi zili ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasiyanitsa pakati pa ntchito zina zofanana. Iwo ali ndi zizindikiro zambiri za malo, zomwe, mwakuya, ziri zovuta kumasulira ku Chirasha. M'malembawo mungapeze mayina a zinthu zazikulu ngati mitsinje, nyanja, mapiri, komanso midzi, minda, midzi. Mkhalidwe wotsiriza umafotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti nthano ya mtundu uwu ndi yoyamba ndi nkhani ya munthu yemwe, panthawi yomwe analemba, amakhala kumalo enaake. Mwachitsanzo, "Saga ya Keith" ya ku Iceland imatchula mayina a fjord pomwe protagonist amakhala. Zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza zopezeka, popeza zili ndi mfundo zothandiza za chirengedwe.

Vuto la mbiri yakale

Gawo lachiwiri la ntchito izi ndizowoneka kuti ndizoona komanso zowona. Chowonadi n'chakuti olembawo ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti zida zawo zachinsinsi ziliko, ndipo motero anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, ngakhale mosamala, zochita zawo, zovuta, zokambirana, zomwe zinapereka ndondomeko yapadera yokopa. Asayansi ambiri amatha "kukumana" pa malemba, nthawi zambiri kutenga zomwe zinanenedwa kuti zowonadi. Komabe, mbiri yakale ndi zochitika zenizeni zikuwonekeratu apa, koma zili ndi chikhalidwe cholimba kwambiri chomwe chiri chovuta kusiyanitsa choonadi ndi zabodza.

Funso lokhudza kulemba

Kwa mbiri yakale ya mbiri yakale inali yolamuliridwa ndi lingaliro lakuti awo amene analemba sagas sanali olemba awo enieni, koma amangopanga mwambo wamlomo. Komabe, m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri (20th) maganizo amveka kuti olemba mbiri omwe amadziwa kalembedwe ka kale ku Iceland amapanga ntchito zawo zoyambirira. Pakali pano, malingaliro akupezeka kuti olemba awa, kusonkhanitsa ndikukonzekera mwambo wamakono, komabe, anabweretsa zambiri mwa iwo okha, kotero kuti mu ntchito zawo mwambo wamtunduwu umagwirizanirana kwambiri ndi zolembazo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa yemwe anali woyambitsa woyambirira wa ntchitoyi. Mwachitsanzo, Icelandic "Eymunda Saga", mfumu ya ku Norway yomwe inachita nawo zochitika zakale za ku Russia, inasungidwa mu "Saga ya Olav The Sacred", yomwe inalembedwa ndi Sturluson, koma ichi ndi lingaliro lomwe silinatsimikizidwe kwathunthu.

Za dziko lathu

Mu ntchito zoganiziridwa, monga tazitchula kale, pali deta kumayiko ena akumpoto, kuphatikizapo dziko lathu. Zambiri zamabuku amatsenga ngakhale asayansi, asayansi nthawi zambiri amapeza zofanana pakati pa malemba a ku Scandinavia ndi mbiri yakale ya Russian. Nthaŵi zambiri anthu oyandikana nawo ankamvera nkhani ya ku Iceland. Rusichi (dzina la anthu) nthawi zambiri amakhala olowa nawo muzochitikazo, ngati sali pakati pa chidwi. Kawirikawiri, ntchitoyi imatchula mayiko a Russia, malo omwe nkhaniyi kapena nkhaniyo imapezeka. Mwachitsanzo, "Saga wa Hobbie-Pedestrian", kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14, amapititsa ku Ladoga, kumene wokondedwa uyu akukwatira mwana wamkazi wa mfumu, akugonjetsa a ku Sweden ndipo amakhala wolamulira. Mwa njira, ziri mu nthano iyi kuti pali nkhani yofanana kwambiri ndi nthano yotchuka ya Wochenjera Oleg (nkhani yokhudza kalonga ndi kavalo wake). Izi zikuwonetsanso momwe chikhalidwe cha anthuwa chinali pafupi kwambiri.

Tiyeneranso kutchulidwa apa kuti "Eymunda Saga" yotchuka kwambiri imakhala ndi mbiri yokhudza mbiri yakale ya ku Russia. Ikufotokozera momwe protagonist, mfumu, ikufika pa ntchito ya Prince Yaroslav ndipo imabwera ku ntchito yake. Amachita nawo zochitika zandale zankhanza za nthawi imeneyo zokhudzana ndi kulimbana kwa wolamulira uyu wamphamvu. Motero, chilankhulo cha Viking cha ku Northern Northern Russia ndi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa mbiri ya dziko lathu.

S. Sturluson

Uyu ndiye mlembi woyamba ndi osonkhanitsa a zakale za ku Iceland, zomwe nkhanizi zasungidwa. Wasayansi anasonkhanitsa malemba, zilembo, ndipo mwachiwonekere ndiye amene analemba mabuku awiri akuluakulu ku Icelandic mabuku: buku lapadera la zolemba ndakatulo komanso zolemba za sagas. Chifukwa cha munthu uyu, tili ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha nthano zakalekale. Iye sanadziimire yekha kubwezeretsa ndi kukonza ntchito zomwe zatsirizidwa kale, koma adalemba mbiri ya anthu ake pa zochitika za ku Ulaya, kuyambira nthawi zakale kwambiri. A Icelandic kings sagas ku Eastern Europe analemba zake ndi mfundo zofunika pa geography ndi toponymy dera lino.

Mu ntchito yake palinso zambiri zokhudza Asilavo. Iye anayesera pafupi pafupifupi sayansi kuti afotokoze njira ndi njira za ndakatulo za Scandinavia pa chitsanzo cha ntchito zake. Izi zimatithandizira kuti tiweruzire njira zosiyana siyana ndi zinenero zomwe zimapangidwira nkhani. Motero, ntchito yake ikuphatikizapo nthawi yambiri ya chitukuko cha mabuku akale a ku Iceland.

Ndemanga

Kawirikawiri, malingaliro okhudza zisamu za Iceland ndi abwino kwambiri. Owerenga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito amanena kuti zinali zosangalatsa kudziŵa bwino moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akale. Iwo amadziwanso kuti m'nthano izi zimakhala zosavuta kugwirizana ndi anthu, zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chapadera kwa chiwembucho. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, owerenga ena amadziwa kuti chinenero cha sagas ndi chowuma komanso chosasangalatsa, kuti chiri ndi maina ambiri, zilembo ndi zilembo, zomwe zingasokoneze malingaliro onse. Ngakhale zili choncho, ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito amalimbikitsa kuwerenga nkhani zina kwa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi mbiri yakale ya Russian (osati kokha) komanso mbiri yakale.