Hayala - chikalata malamulo

Malinga ndi Chilamulo Dictionary, ndi hayala - chikalata kapena angapo zikalata zaboma, omwe amasonyeza zofuna za ufulu strata chikhalidwe. Mabaibulo oyamba wa mapepala adawoneka mu Middle Ages.

Kodi Magna Carta?

Zaka mazana angapo ankalamulira American anayamba kumenyana korona British, Chingerezi otchuka anapanga angapo malamulo pofuna kuchepetsa mphamvu ya wansembe ankhanza - Mfumu Dzhona Bezzemelnogo. Magna Carta, kapena Great hayala, lalembedwa mu 1215, poyamba anapereka ufulu wa anthu osankhika a. Kenako pa maziko ake pakhala malamulo ambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi, amene mutsimikizira ufulu malamulo. Magna Carta, ndi mbiri yakale atsimikizira kuti kuthetsa nkhanza za boma, limene tsiku kusainira izo akusokoneza ntchito zina pansi pa lamulo.

Mfumu John paubwenzi ndi mavuto ndi Papa Innocent III, amene anali ndi maganizo chithunzi ndipo anafuna kukhala kutchuka wokwera pakati Mafumu European. Potsatira Kusankhidwa kwa Stefana Lengtona udindo wa mabishopu wa Canterbury mu 1207, Korol Dzhon Lackland anakhala mfumu yoyamba amene anachotsedwa mu mpingo. Poyankha, kazembe anayamba Levy msonkho kwa abusa ndi m'mayiko mpingo anasankha. Ngakhale zochepa wotchuka mfumu anali pakati barons, iye chinaperekedwa kwa misonkho kwambiri kukwaniritsa kugonjetsedwa asilikali. Mu 1214, Korol Dzhon anayesa kugonjetsa France, ndipo pambuyo Pofuna zinalephereka kwa analamula anthu otchuka English kulipira ndalama za nkhondo yomwe imameretsa chipolowe mu 1215.

nkhani baronial

Kuti kuthetsa khalidwe lotayirira la mfumu, Langton ndi barons opanduka gulu co-analenga "Nkhani baronial", chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa Magna Carta. Poopa kuti kupanduka chidzakula mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni, John anali kuvomereza kuti anachita June 15, 1215, kupanga Magna Carta wa oyamba olembedwa malamulo European. Komabe, patapita milungu ingapo, Papa Innocent III wa, omwe anali kale anakhazikitsa ubwenzi ndi Yohane, tinalepheretsa Magna. Izi kudana alikukonzeka pakati pa mafumu ndi barons, koma zoti malamulo woyamba inayambanso pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu.

Ndi Magna Carta Patapita zaka zingapo, motsogozedwa ndi atsamunda American kulengeza ufulu ku Britain, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya malamulo a Bill za Ufulu anatengedwa kuchokera hayala lapansi. Pali 4 mabaibulo choyambirira cha Magna Carta omwe Salisbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral ndi a British Museum.

The hayala European

Izi ndi mndandanda wa mapangano lonse, amene anatengedwa ndi Mayiko a ku Ulaya kuonetsetsa kuti anthu ufulu chikhalidwe ndi kumasulika, ndipo ndi kutambasuka zomveka ndipo amathandiza kuti m'Pangano Lokhudza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe.

The hayala European yosainidwa mu 1961, ngakhale mphamvu, kudali patangotha zaka zinayi, mu 1965. Patadutsa zaka zambiri, mu zili chikalata anapanga angapo kuwonjezapo ndi kusintha.

Malamulo anauyamba hayala European, m'pofunika ku mfundo ya zamalamulo view, ayenera akuyendera ndondomeko chikhalidwe cha mayiko onse signatory. Mayiko amenewa ayenera zimatsimikizira nzika za anthu amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufulu chogwirizana ndi kumasulika.

Komabe, States amene anasaina hayala European, safunika kuyan'ana kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse chikalatacho. Iwo akhoza kusankha kudziwa za ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika malinga ndi malamulo ake. m'mayikowa ndithu kugwirizana ndi 6 9 nkhani analenga, iwo ali ndi ufulu kukana kuchita zinthu zimenezo, kukhazikitsa amene si zotheka.

The hayala Olympic

Ichi ndi chikalata waukulu nthawi ntchito za Komiti Olympic a. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, Gona Interstate m'munda wa masewera ayamba mwakhama kukulitsa. makomiti osiyana udindo osiyanasiyana zochitika zinalengedwa. Pang'onopang'ono, anaganiza kuti asonkhane komiti ija kuti zonse mgwirizano wa mayiko m'munda wa masewera, ndipo nayenso anaganiza kuti alenge hayala Olympic. Zinali panasinthira pa dziko lonse lapansi.

chikalata ichi nthawi zonse kuchita ndi madera ambiri osiyana mgwirizano masewera pakati pa mayiko. Apa ife pofotokoza malamulo a Games Olympic, kuphatikizapo gulu mbali nawo, kapangidwe ndi ndondomeko kwa chilengedwe cha mapulogalamu. Chikalatacho limafotokoza malamulo ntchito za chigamulo, ndi zina zambiri.

chifukwa

History amadziwa zambiri za malamulo, amene mwa njira zina zimakhudza zinthu za anthu. Hayala, tafotokozazi, ndipo anali wofunika kwambiri zolemba izi, ndipo chifukwa iwo, makamaka Magna Carta, anthu onse ali ndi ufulu lero.