Gasi abwino. The aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino. Izoprotsessy.

Yabwino mpweya aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino, kutentha kwake ndi kuthamanga, buku ... mndandanda wa magawo ndi matanthauzo, amene ntchito mu gawo loyenera la sayansi, n'zotheka kupitiriza motalika kokwanira. Today ife angoyankhula pa nkhani imeneyi.

Zimene zili mu sayansi maselo?

The chinthu chachikulu, amene takambirana mu chigawo chino ndi mpweya wangwiro. The aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino chinapezeka zochokera zinthu zachilendo chilengedwe, ndipo ife kulankhula za mtsogolo pang'ono. Tsopano tiyeni tibwere ku "vuto" chapatali.

Tiyerekeze tili ndi misa ena mpweya. mkhalidwe wake akhoza kumatanthauza ndi magawo atatu a chikhalidwe thermodynamic. Izi, kumene, kuthamanga, voliyumu ndi kutentha. System boma aone kuti pali anthu azilankhulana choncho pakati pa magawo ziwalo chilinganizo. Zikuoneka motere: F (p, V, T) = 0.

Apa ife tiri kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mwakachetechete kuba kwa zikamera za chinthu chotero monga mafuta abwino. Iwo anamutcha gasi, m'mene zimachitika pakati pa mamolekyulu ndi negligible. Zambiri mu chikhalidwe cha amenewa kulibe. Komabe, aliyense rarefied mpweya pafupi thereto. Kuchokera wangwiro chosiyana asafe, mpweya ndi mpweya, ndi zinthu zachilendo. Kulemba anthu aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino, tikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ophatikizana malamulo mpweya. Timapeza: PV / T = const.

A zokhudza mfundo nambala 1: chilamulo Avogadro a

Iwo angatiuze kuti ngati ife timatenga nambalayi cha timadontho-timadontho mpweya mwamtheradi aliyense mwachisawawa ndi kuziika mu zinthu zomwezo, kuphatikizapo kutentha ndi kuthamanga, mpweya Babulo adzakhala buku chomwecho. Makamaka, zimenezo kunachitidwa m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nyengo inali 273,15 Kelvin, kuthamanga - wina mlengalenga (760 mamilimita Hg kapena 101.325 Pascals). Ndi magawo awa mpweya voliyumu anatengedwa wofanana malita 22,4. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti Mole imodzi chiŵerengero aliyense mpweya magawo n'zosangalatsa kumva adzakhala nthawi zonse. N'chifukwa chake anaganiza zimenezi chithunzi akuti ndi kalata R ndi kuzitcha izo chilengedwe mpweya zonse. Choncho wofanana 8,31. The gawo J / mol * K.

gasi abwino. The aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino ndi kusintha iwo

Tiyeni tiyese kulilembanso. Chifukwa chaichi, ife lembani mu mawonekedwe: PV = RT. Komanso tikudzipereka wopepuka opareshoni, kuchulukitsa mbali zonse ndi nambala owonjezera a timadontho-timadontho. Timapeza pVu = uRT. Ife kuganizira mfundo yakuti mankhwala buku molar kuchuluka kwa thunthu ndi chabe buku. Koma nthawi yomweyo chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho adzakhala misa payekha ndi molar misa. Ndicho chimene aone kuti pali Mendeleev-Clapeyron. Iwo amapereka lingaliro bwino tanthauzo la mtundu wa dongosolo imapanga mafuta abwino. The aone kuti pali boma la mafuta abwino limakhala: PV = mRT / M.

Timapeza chilinganizo cha kuthamanga

Tiyeni amathera ena mpheto zambiri za mawu analandira. Kuti tichite zimenezi kumanja kwa Mendeleev-Clapeyron chulukanani ndi kugawaniza ndi nambala ya Avogadro. Tsopano mosamala kuyang'ana mankhwala kuchuluka kwa mankhwala pa za Avogadro zonse. Ichi sichina chirichonse kuposa chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu mu mpweya. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, chiŵerengero mpweya zonse paliponse chiwerengero Avogadro adzakhala wofanana ndi Boltzmann zonse. Choncho, mavuto njira akhoza kulembedwa motere: tsa = NkT / V kapena tsa = nkT. Apa kalembedwe N ndi ambiri particles.

Njira mafuta abwino

Mu sayansi maselo , pali chinthu monga izoprotsessy. Izi njira thermodynamic zikuchitika mu dongosolo pa magawo zonse. Unyinji wa nkhani ayenera sizisintha. Tiyeni tione iwo makamaka. Choncho, abwino mpweya malamulo.

Anzanu sichitha

Limeneli ndi lamulo la Gay-Lussac. Izo zikuwoneka ngati izi: V / T = const. Iwo akhoza anasintha m'njira yosiyana: V = Vo (1 + pa). Apa, ndi 1 / 273.15 ndi K ^ -1 amatchedwa "buku kuwonjezeka koyefishienti." Tikhoza mmalo monga kutentha Celsius ndi Kelvin. Zikatero timapeza chilinganizo V = Voat.

Volume sichitha

Limeneli ndi lamulo lachiwiri la Gay-Lussac, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa lamulo la Charles. Izo zikuwoneka ngati izi: tsa / T = const. Pali chiphunzitso china: tsa = po (1 + pa). Otembenuka angathe kuchitidwa mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo m'mbuyomu. Monga mmene taonera, malamulo mafuta abwino ndi zina zofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake.

Kutentha sichitha

Ngati abwino mpweya kutentha sichitha, ndiyeno ife tikhoza lamulo Boyle. PV = const: Iye angathe kulembedwa.

Chiphunzitso ofanana № 2: tsankho kuthamanga

Tiyeni tinene tili ndi chotengera ndi mpweya. Zidzakhala osakaniza. dongosolo ndi mu mkhalidwe wa matenthedwe mgwirizano, ndi mpweya samva ndi mzake. Apa, N amatanthauza chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu. N1, N2 ndi zina zotero, motero, chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu aliyense zigawo zikuluzikulu analipo a kusakaniza. Tengani chilinganizo kuthamanga tsa = nkT = NkT / V. Iwo akhoza mpata vuto linalake. Pakuti ziwiri zikuluzikulu kusakaniza chilinganizo amakhala: tsa = (N1 + N2) kt / V. Koma ndiye likukhalira kuti kuthamanga okwana adzakhala Uwerenge mavuto tsankho lililonse kusakaniza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti atenge mawonekedwe p1 + p2, ndi zina zotero. Chimenechi chidzakhala mavuto tsankho.

Kodi kuchita?

Chifukwa kukhudzana chilinganizo limasonyeza kuti dongosolo kuthamanga ndi ku mbali ya gulu lililonse la tinthu. Ndi, poyamba, sikudalira ena. Izi zimatengera chiphunzitso Dalton chilamulo, kenako dzina lake: osakaniza momwe mpweya si mankhwala chiyani wina ndi mzake, kuthamanga okwana ndiyofanana ndi Uwerenge mavuto tsankho.