"Elbrus" - purosesa mu Russia. Zofunika ndi mbiri ya

Popeza chiyambi cha makompyuta mu dziko lathu, kamangidwe ka machitidwe mkulu-ntchito monga mmodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu kwambiri za sayansi dziko. Popeza 90s phunziro la anagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe wachibadidwe watsopano - kufunika litsatira chitukuko latsopano pamaziko a microprocessors Russian. chifukwa lisanalengedwe "Elbrus" - purosesa, mu mphamvu yake kompyuta si wochepa ndi zitsanzo zabwino yachilendo.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Panopa chabe Mayiko owerengeka padziko lonse angagwiritse makompyuta ndi microprocessor kulengedwa yake - mu United States, Britain, Japan ndi China. N'zoonekeratu kuti mkati chitetezo ndi matanthauzo M'MALO Russia komanso kumafuna purosesa kuti ndi okwanira akwaniritsa zofunikira za asilikali, mabungwe yazamalamulo, oyendetsa maphunziro. A zotheka - ndi malonda a mankhwala. Patatha zaka zambiri ntchito yogwira asayansi ndi akatswiri a Moscow Center Kuthetheka-Technology (MCST) sachita manyazi kupereka chitukuko atsopano a zaka 2014-15: eyiti purosesa "Elbrus 8c". Koma zisanachitike wapadera yapatsiridwa njira yaitali kuwerengetsera ongolankhula ndi kafukufuku othandiza.

Mu USSR kufunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa makompyuta tili ndi ntchito maphunziro S. A. Lebedeva. gulu kutsogozedwa ndi Iye pa Academy of Sciences wa Institute yolinganizika Zimango ndi Technology Computer (ITM ndi VT) zinalengedwa ndi makina amagetsi kompyuta (kompyuta) zitsanzo khumi - kuchokera chubu oyamba makina mkulu-liwiro Integrated dera.

"Elbrus-1"

Ganizo mizere mapulani, kenako ophatikizidwa mu Russian purosesa "Elbrus" anabadwa mu 1969. Chifukwa chitukuko anali kufunika "intellectualization" kachitidwe njira. Anakhala mlengi mkulu vs Burtsev, katswiri kwambiri mu sayansi computer, kenako academician.

Mu 1979, ITM ndi VT boma ntchito anayimiridwa mwa m'badwo woyamba wa multiprocessor kompyuta zovuta "Elbrus" (IAC). purosesa linakonzedwa zochokera TTL-maganizo. Kachitidwe ntchito makampani zankhondo.

"Elbrus-2"

m'badwo wachiwiri wa MVK "Elbrus" Patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, bwinobwino mayeso. The purosesa ndi latsopano mchitidwe m'munsi anali citukuko kwathunthu. dongosolo zinali zochokera mkulu-liwiro ndi madera Integrated ndi emitter-chimayendera mfundo IC 100 zino. Magwiridwe "Elbrus-2" mu desyatiprotsessornoy kasinthidwe anali 125 Mill. Per chachiwiri.

ERM inamangidwa mwa kachitidwe yodziyimira payokha ndi kuchuluka kudalirika. Chifukwa cha liwiro ndi resiliency cha zovuta ya Mzimu inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri maofesi chifungulo cha machitidwe njira. Wapadera makhalidwe ake nthawi akwaniritsa kukhazikitsa ERM ndi chitukuko cha njira zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba mu gulu la ndondomeko zowerengera.

"Elbrus-3"

Siteji yotsatira (1986-1994) anali chilengedwe cha m'badwo wachitatu wa MVK "Elbrus". The purosesa tsopano ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri pakompyuta zigawo zikuluzikulu - wangwiro kwambiri. woyang'anira ntchito osankhidwa lolingana membala wa Academy of Sciences B. A. Babayana. Mwa njira, iye anaperekapo maganizo kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha MVK "Elbrus-1" ndi "Elbrus-2".

Kuona ubwino ndi kuipa kwa iwo anayamba Kamangidwe superscalar akuyendera m'badwo wachiwiri wa ERM ndi, Boris Artashesovich anaganiza kukhazikitsa patsogolo kwambiri ndi maganizo mawu lonse malangizo. Pamaso kugwa kwa Union of akatswiri anatha kusonkhanitsa zinachitika koma ndalama monga boma latsopano ndinayima.

Contemporary

Kupitiriza mzerewu ntchito chikugwirizana ndi ntchito za ZAO MCST. Pa kapangidwe ake, kutsogolera mikroelektronschiki zoweta kupanga ndalama lofunika pa ntchito njira zamakono microprocessor, anayamba kulenga awiri mndandanda wa microprocessors ndi makompyuta m'Malemba. Ntchito izi ndiye anathandiza kulenga wamphamvu Russian purosesa "Elbrus" 2014 kumasulidwa.

Project maziko mndandanda loyamba linali lotseguka zomangamanga Scalable purosesa Zomangamanga (SPARC), The mwachindunji ndi Sun Microsystems. Mapurosesa «R» banja zinalengedwa ofotokoza.

Chifukwa cha mndandanda wachiwiri anali zomangamanga lenileni "Elbrus", osauka mfundo zimene ovomerezeka komanso ndinagona pansi mu IAC-3 (poyamba icho chinali kutchedwa "zomangamanga E2k»). Pali zinalengedwa mitundu zinayi za mapurosesa. Choncho, "Elbrus" (CPU): poyerekeza zitsanzo chikuperekedwa tebulo pansipa.

"ELBRUS-4c"

Mmodzi wa atsopano bwino kukula kwa kampani anali MCST purosesa "Elbrus-4c." zomangamanga zachokera kapangidwe ija, amene anali ngati maziko kwa microarchitecture VLIW. Pakuti mawerengedwe njira udindo 4 mitima 800 MHz, posungira kukumbukira 2 MB pa chilichonse pachimake.

Ngakhale archaism amamvekera mawu kupanga luso (zikuluzikulu, pafupipafupi yaing'ono, ndondomeko luso "Mu zaka zapitazo" 65 nm), amagetsi Mwachangu chipangizo angafanane ndi Intel wakuti "ine". Ndi zochepa mowa mphamvu (45W) ntchito yake ndi 50 Gflops. Yerekezerani wamkulu chitsanzo cha Intel Kore i7-975 Oika Edition ali ndi mphamvu 53 Gflops pa mafurikwense apamwamba kwambiri ndi mowa mphamvu. Lamakono Russian purosesa "Elbrus" 2014 lachitsanzo chaka anaikidwa mayeso ndipo anatuluka mu mndandanda.

"Elbrus-8C"

Zikuoneka kuti nthawi ya zinachita chatha, anali kukhota kwa yojambula chosiyana microelectronics zoweta. ZAO "MCST" pamodzi ndi Institute of Intaneti Control Makina zachitika ndi kutulutsa mbadwo watsopano machenjerero zomangamanga mankhwala. Pakuti mafakitale chokonza purosesa "Elbrus 8c" analengedwa pa 28-nanometer ndondomeko luso.

chipangizo adzagwira ntchito mu tandem ndi Mtsogoleri ndi citukuko KPI-2. Ngakhale Mtsogoleri mpaka inatulutsidwa pa 65 nm ndondomeko luso, izo amathandiza atatu Gigabit Efaneti maukonde Mtsogoleri, 20 mizere PCI-Express basi 2.0, eyiti 2.0 wa USB-madoko, eyiti SATA-madoko. Kulankhulana ndi purosesa ndi 16 GB / s.

makhalidwe luso

Wopanga anawulula makhalidwe waukulu "Elbrus" dongosolo latsopano:

• Purosesa - 8 mitima popanda gipertredinga.
• Crystal kukula - 350 mamilimita ^2.
• Chachiwiri mlingo posungira aliyense pakati - 512 kV.
• chachitatu mlingo posungira Sizachilendo - 16 MB.
• Kuphedwa pa mkombero - 30 ntchito.
• Clock pafupipafupi - 1.3 GHz, pamene magawo awa amayenda mosadodometsedwa ntchito nyukiliya nthawi zonse zopanda malire peresenti ngakhale zana katundu.
• Magwiridwe (Peak) - 250 Gflops.
• Mphamvu - 60-90 Watts.
• License kusadalira Intel, pamene kuonetsetsa thandizo kachitidwe opaleshoni yaikulu ndi x86 / zomangamanga x86-64.

Monga mukuonera, ndi Russian purosesa "Elbrus" m'badwo atsopano mpaka kasanu waphindu kuposa 4C chitsanzo.

zomangamanga

Monga zotsatira zofunika wa kampani ZAO MCST anayamba Nyumba yoyambirira ya microprocessor "Elbrus". purosesa The umalimbana maximizing chuma hardware kwa deta zokhazikitsidwa ntchito. Mu gulu ndi ambiri adzaupereka kwa gulu la zomangamanga, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za lonse malangizo mawu VLIW (Large Kwambiri Malangizo Mawu), ndi kompayila amapanga kwa kufanana kuphedwa ndondomeko ya magulu (mawu lonse malangizo), limene palibe dependencies pakati pa magulu mwa gulu ndi kudalira sanamvere pakati pa magulu m'magulu osiyana.

Choncho, Russian purosesa "Elbrus" kwambiri amagwiritsa kufanana pa mlingo wa ntchito alipo Mpambo pulogalamu. Chifukwa ndi lalikulu mapulani liwiro ndi kutuluka ntchito parallelization zida chibadidwe superscalar mapangidwe ndi kusamutsa iwo optimizing kompayila. Izi zapangitsa, ndi zina zofunika chibadidwe "Elbrus" zomangamanga - otsika mowa mphamvu zipangizo.

Pamodzi ndi ntchito zothandiza za kufanana zomangamanga a ntchito "Elbrus" chipangizo anaika ntchito zina (milingo) za kufanana chibadidwe mu ndondomeko kompyuta:

• mavuto concurrency mu multicomputer maofesi;
• Concurrency ulamuliro umayenda pa kukumbukira nawo;
• vekitala kufanana.

N'zogwirizana ndi x86 zomangamanga

Monga chofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga, kutukula poyamba ankaona kupereka imayenera bayinare ngakhale ndi lalikulu Intel x86 microprocessor zomangamanga. Iwo akuyendera pamaziko a chobisika zazikulu mabuku ndiponso thandizo zida zake microprocessor "Elbrus". Komanso ndiyo katundu wa zomangamanga atsopano m'banja chitukuko cha hardware thandizo otetezeka kompyuta (mapulogalamu gawo), kwambiri facilitates ntchito mapulogalamu kulenga machitidwe lalikulu mapulogalamu ndi deadlines zochepa.

Mavalidwewa

Kumene tinakonza kuti ntchito mapurosesa Russian? Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti mankhwala lakonzedwa ndi cholinga limodzi - kupereka kudzidalira popanda yobweretsa ndi pulogalamuyo wa microelectronics ndi makompyuta. Makompyuta pa "Elbrus" purosesa ndi mkulu mlingo wa chitetezo ndi chitetezo ku mavairasi kompyuta kufunika makampani podziteteza ku nchito munthambi yazachitetezo, mabungwe zofunika boma.

Pakali pano, dongosolo walola Windows mwachizolowezi ndi Linux, yomwe imatithandiza kumveketsa njira, ngati kuti ogula ambiri kuti gawo amapeza. MCST amapereka makompyuta kutetezedwa ndi maseva, angathe kugwira ntchito mu mapangidwe nkhanza.