Integrated madera: Mitundu ndi mafotokozedwe

Ntchito zamagetsi iliyonse kwambiri kapena zochepa zovuta kumvetsa bwinobwino kumafunika mwatsatanetsatane. Pamene ambiri a iwo, iwo "pogwirizanitsa", kunena, m'madera Integrated. Kodi iwo ali? Kodi wachinsinsi? Kodi iwo anapanga, ndipo amene chizindikiro zimafalitsidwa?

ndi mfundo Integrated madera Kodi (ICs)

Ndipotu chipangizo microelectronic kuti zachokera galasi cha kapangidwe lachabechabe, womwe wapangidwa pa filimu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kapena mbale. Izo aikidwa mu thupi kuumbidwa (ngakhale izo zikhoza kuchitidwa popanda izo, koma pamene izo zili mbali ya yaying'ono ya). The Integrated dera woyamba okhala mu 1968. Zinali yojambula makampani ngakhale operekedwa ndi chipangizo osati kwambiri mu mzere ndi mfundo zamakono za magawo ake. Integrated madera amapangidwa mbali kwambiri padziko kukhazikitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri pansi pa EC amadziwa galasi mmodzi kapena filimu. Kwambiri ambiri Integrated dera pa kokulumunya pakachitsulo. Kunapezeka kuti ntchito zake makampani angapo ubwino, monga dzuwa la kufala chizindikiro.

misinkhu kapangidwe

zipangizozi ndi zovuta kumvetsa mwangwiro anasonyeza. Tsopano iwo ntchito yapadera CAD mapulogalamu automates ndipo kwambiri kufulumizitsa njira yopanga. Choncho, kapangidwe zinayenda:

1. Zomveka mlingo (inverters, NAND, kapena, ndi zina zotero).
2. Systemically ndi dera (ntchito akapsa, encoders, ALU, comparators, etc.).
3. Zamagetsi (capacitors, transistors, resistors ndi zipangizo zofanana).
4. mlingo topological - kwa kupanga photomasks.
5. Thupi - akuyendera ngati transistor umodzi (kapena kagulu kochepa) pa Chip lapansi.
6. Pulogalamu - anakhazikitsa malangizo microcontrollers, microprocessors ndi FPGAs. makhalidwe mwakuchita dera choimirira.

Gawo

Kuyankhula za kusiyanitsa pakati pa madera Integrated, n'zosatheka kusankha mtundu umodzi wokha wa chizindikiro kuchulukitsa kwa sayansi, imene imachitika. Motero, m'nkhani akhala akanasankhidwa atatu.

digiri ya kaphatikizidwe

Kotero apa amaona kuti nambala yaikulu ya zinthu mu galasi la:

1. Osaya Integrated dera. Lili zinthu zosakwana zana.
2. Wapakati Integrated dera. chiwerengero cha zinthu zimasiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana zana / zikwi.
3. LSI. Lili zikwi zinthu mpaka 10,000.
4. Large kwambiri Scale Integrated dera. Iwo ndi anthu oposa zikwi khumi.

Childs, yaikulu Integrated dera kawirikawiri ntchito zipangizo kunyumba. Poyamba ntchito magulu ena:

1. Kopitilira muyeso-yaikulu Integrated dera. Mmenemo analembetsa zitsanzo zimene akhoza kudzitama chiwerengero cha zinthu mu osiyanasiyana 1 Mill. 1 Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya Integrated dera. Zikuphatikizapo moyo, chiwerengero cha zinthu zimene kuposa 1 Bln. Zochitika.

Koma pa nthawi ino chakuti satsatira. Ndipo onse zitsanzo amene kale zimachitika Ubisa ndi GBIS tsopano pochitika monga VLSI. Ambiri, n'zotheka kwambiri kupulumutsa pa chiwerengero cha magulu, kuyambira mitundu ziwiri zapitazi zambiri ntchito makamaka malo lalikulu kafukufuku, omwe ntchito makompyuta, mphamvu amayezedwa makumi ndi mazana a terabytes.

luso opanga

Poona mphamvu zosiyanasiyana kupanga Integrated madera amagwiritsidwa wachinsinsi monga momwe iwo anapanga zimene:

1. michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Mu zinthu zonse izi ndi kugwirizana anapangidwa pa m'modzi ndipo olingana michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi Chip. Michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi Integrated madera ntchito ndi zipangizo monga pakachitsulo, germanium, gallium arsenide, ndi okusayidi hafnium.

2. Film. Onse zigawo ndi kugwirizana anapangidwa monga filimu:

- Pamavuto-filimu.

- Pamtendere-filimu.

3. Zophatikiza. Ali diodes unpackaged, transistors ndi mbali zina zamakono zili yogwira. Chabe (monga resistors, inductors, capacitors) imakonzedwa pa ceramic gawo lapansi wamba. Onse a iwo anayikidwa mu nyumba womata.

4. losanganikirana. Pali osati michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi Chip, koma woonda-filimu (kapena Pamavuto-filimu) zinthu chabe, amene anaika pamwamba pake.

View wa chizindikiro kukonzedwa

Ndipo chachitatu, view wotsiriza zochokera wotani zizindikiro ndi kukonzedwa ndi dera Integrated. Ali:

1. Analogi. Apa, athandizira ndi linanena bungwe chizindikiro zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi lamulo la ntchito yothandizira. Iwo akhoza kutenga phindu mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera zoipa zabwino kotunga voteji.
2. Intaneti. Apa, aliyense athandizira kapena linanena bungwe mbendera angatanthauze zinthu ziwiri: a mfundo imodzi kapena ziro. Aliyense wa iwo limafanana ndi mlingo predefined voteji. Choncho, mtundu wa tchipisi TTL 0-0,4V osiyanasiyana kafukufuku kuti ziro ndi 2,4-5V pa unit. Pangakhale kulekana zina, izo zimatengera pa chitsanzo makamaka.
3. Analogi ndi yadigito. Chili ubwino ndi maonekedwe a zanyengo m'mbuyomu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kukhala chizindikiro amplifiers ndi converters analogi ndi yadigito.

mbali malamulo

Kodi anati za madera Integrated mu malamulo? Mu dziko lathu, anapatsidwa chitetezo malamulo a topographies madera Integrated. Pansi kumatanthauza kuliika pa wina zakuthupi chonyamulira zojambula okhudza malo makonzedwe a akonzedwa zina za zinthu zenizeni ndi ubale pakati pa iwo (malinga ndi Article 1448 ya Civil Code). Mlembi wa mtunda ali ndi ufulu nzeru katundu kuti chidali chifuniro chake:

1. Copyright.
2. Azidzipereka ufulu.

Komanso, wolemba ndi zokonda ena a mtunda, kuphatikizapo - n'zotheka kupeza malipiro a ntchito. Ufulu yekha chomveka kwa zaka khumi. Panthawi imeneyi, anayambitsa, kapena munthu amene amapatsidwa ulemu anali kuzilandira, akhoza kukalembetsa mtunda mu zogwirizana utumiki aluntha katundu ndi eni luso.

Pomaliza

Ndi zimenezo! Ngati mukufuna kusonkhanitsa chiwembu chake - zitha mukufuna bwino. Koma nthawi yomweyo ine ndikufuna kuti Atchule wanu Mbali imodzi. Ngati mukufuna kusonkhanitsa Chip ndi, m'pofunika bwino pokonzekera ndondomeko imeneyi. chakuti pamafunika wosiyana chiyero mlingo kwa opaleshoni zikugwira ntchito chilengedwe chake, kuwonjezera, chifukwa cha fineness wa mwatsatanetsatane ntchito chitsulo soldering mwachizolowezi sizigwira ntchito - zochita zonse zimagwiridwa ndi makina. Choncho okha dera akhoza analenga kunyumba. Ngati anakhumba, inu mukhoza kugula chitukuko mafakitale, umene kuperekedwa pa msika, koma lingaliro ndi nyumba zawo chopangidwa popanda zachuma kwambiri ndi bwino kusiya.