Dzina la amwenye: Amaya, Aaziteki, wa Ainka, Iroquois, Mohicans, ndi Apache. American Indians

Dera la America, anapeza Columbus, ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndipo monga Motero, ali ndi dzina lina la amwenye okhala m'dziko lotseguka. Ambiri a iwo, ngakhale ofufuza European ntchito mawu imodzi yokha ndi mbadwa za Chimereka - Amwenye.

Columbus kusokeretsa ndi zotsatira

Pa nthawi anakhala mkusokera koonekera: kuti anthu zamakolo - ndi mbadwa ya America. Pamaso European kulamulira kwa anthu zana XV anafika pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana dongosolo limodzi-mafuko. Mafuko ena predominated bambo, ndipo ena chogwidwa matriarchy.

Mlingo wa chitukuko makamaka amadalira malo ndi nyengo zinthu. Pa wotsatira kulamulira of America, ndi ku Ulaya kokha ntchito dzina wamba amwenye kwa gulu lonse la mafuko chikhalidwe zokhudzana. Pansipa tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane ena a iwo.

Specialization ndi moyo wa American Indians

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Amwenye American zinalengedwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana ceramic. mwambo uwu unachokera kale kukhudzana European. Ntchito Buku ntchito njira zamakono angapo.

njira imeneyi zakhala ntchito monga akamaumba ya chimango ndi mawonekedwe, n'kupanga spatula, ndi akamaumba wa dongo, ndipo ngakhale chingwe sculptural mawerengeredwe. Chinthu chapadera ya amwenye kupanga masks, mafano ya dongo ndi zinthu mwambo.

Dzina la amwenye zosiyana, chifukwa ankalankhula zinenero zosiyana ndi mabuku pang'ono. Pali mitundu yambiri American. Tiyeni tione wotchuka kwambiri a iwo.

Dzina la amwenye ndi udindo wawo mbiri ya Amerika

Tiona ena yotchuka amwenye: ndi Hurons, Iroquois, Apache, Mohicans, Ainka, Mayas ndi Aaziteki. Ena mwa iwo anali ndi mlingo mokwanira otsika chitukuko, ndi zina kwambiri chidwi ndi kampani, mlingo wa amene sakhoza anatsimikiza chabe ndi mawu akuti "mafuko" ndi kudziwa zonsezi ndi zomangamanga.

Local anthu American ali utachepa kwambiri pa kulamulira kwa malo a ku Ulaya, chiwonongeko pang'onopang'ono ndi kusamutsidwa, komanso matenda mingoli colonizers, ndi kusowa chitetezo chokwanira mwa amwenye. Zonsezi yafupika kwambiri chiwerengero chawo. Amwenye yosala anasamutsidwa ochokera m'madera miyambo ya malo pa malo a.

Huron

Huron fuko - mmodzi wa mafuko ambiri a American Indians. Pamaso pa nkhondo ya ku Ulaya, chiwerengero chawo chinali pafupifupi 40,000 anthu.

Chigawo chapakati cha Ontario poyamba anali mpando wa Huron. Amadziwika kuti m'nthawi ndi wamagazi wosamwerana madzi ndi fuko la Iroquois, Hurons anagawidwa m'magulu awiri wosiyana. A mbali ang'onoang'ono a magulu a mafuko kuthetsa mu Quebec (ano Canada). A gulu lonse anakhazikika m'dera la Ohio (USA), koma posakhalitsa kuti anasamukira ku Kansas.

Huron anali fuko koyamba kuti adalowa asapita malonda ndi azungu. Pakali pano, pafupifupi 4,000 Indians tikukhala mu Canada ndi United States.

The Iroquois

Iroquois, monga kunapezeka - akhama kwambiri Amwenye. Iroquois fuko ndi limodzi mwa mafuko onse amphamvu komanso pankhondo kwa nthawi ya atsamunda a America. zimakhalira pachibale awo unakhazikitsidwa kupyola mu mzere akuchikazi, ndipo padali kugawanikana ku mabanja.

The Iroquois anali ndi malamulo kuti anali "kwalembedwa" ndi mikanda shelly. Mwa njira, chifukwa luso lawo chinenero, anali asapita malonda, onse ndi mafuko oyandikana ndi azungu. M'zaka za m'ma XVII fuko anali ndi ubale wokwanira ndi Dutch.

Iroquois zinakonzedwa ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana chigoba Mbali - Mphuno zitamangiriridwa. Malinga ndi mwambo wawo, masks kuteteza anthu ndi mabanja awo matenda. Amwenye ankakhala ovachirah - nyumba yaitali, amene anaikidwa pafupifupi mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo Mkulu.

anthu mtsinje

Mohicans - Indians ku East algontinskogo fuko. dzina Tribal amatanthauza "anthu a mtsinje".

malo choyambirira okhala - kumtsinje wa Hudson Valley ndi kuzungulira (pafupi Albury, New York). The yoyamba ku Ulaya chinachitika mu 1609. Mohicans anali chitaganya, ndipo pa nthawi ya yoyamba anagawidwa mu mafuko asanu: ndi Mohicans, vikagok, vavayhtonok, mehkentovun ndi vestenhuk.

Anthu chinkhoswe mu ulimi, kusaka Nsomba, komanso kusonkhana. Chinthu chidwi ndi kuti iwo anali ndi monarchical boma. Pa mutu panali mtsogoleri, amene udindo akatengela apabanja.

Kenako, ambiri anasamukira ku Massachusetts Stockbridge. Ena mwa Mohicans Chikristu pa nthawi yomweyo, ambiri a iwo anapitiriza miyambo yawo. Kenako, ambiri mwa oimira kupulumuka wa fuko anasamukira kumadera a Wisconsin.

Apache - Indians

Dziko, wopangidwa mwa magulu angapo, omwe ali ofanana chikhalidwe inakula ndi chinenero.

Onsewo ali ndi dzina wamba amwenye pansi pa dzina Apache. Ankhondo a fuko kusiyana ndi ena mwa ferocity ake ndi kupulumuka mu mapangidwe nkhanza. Apache - Amwenye, omwe ankakhulupirira pomenya nkhondo ndi mapulani a nkhondowo. Kwa zaka zingapo, asilikali anapita yokopa asilikali komanso kuteteza malire awo, mphalapala chinawononga onse amene ali mu njira zawo.

Woyamba European kuwukira chinachitika mu 1500. Icho chinali colonizers Spanish. Zotsatira za nkhondo zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa Apache ya ubwenzi zaka wokhazikitsidwa ndi mafuko wapafupi.

Poyamba, Amwenye anali woyendayendawu ndi moyo theka-wosamukasamuka, kusunthira kudutsa kum'mwera kumadzulo United States. ntchito yaikulu akhasaka nyama ndi kusonkhanitsa. The chakudya wosavuta, wopangidwa makamaka a zipatso, bowa ndi chimanga.

Chifukwa iwowa ntchito wigwams mzikiti woboola pakati, ndi utsi dzenje ndi moto. Anamanga ntchito timitengo, chikopa ndi therere. Pakali pano, chiwerengero chawo ndi za 30,000. Apache moyo pa madera a Arizona, Oklahoma ndi ku New Mexico.

Pa Africa American atatu okha kwambiri akutali zamakolo chitukuko: Ainka, Aaziteki ndi Mayans. Mwatsoka, ambiri kudziwa za iwo akutayika, ndipo chifukwa kokha archeologists anapeza kuti tipeze za zikhalidwe yakale.

chitukuko wakale

Aaziteki ndi Mayans - wotchuka kwambiri ambiri a amwenye. Maya anthu - kwambiri fuko ili ku Central America. Iwo otchuka kwa mizinda yawo, kwathunthu chosema kuchokera mwala, komanso ntchito zodabwitsa luso. Mayans anamanga mizinda angapo kutali mtunda zokwanira Chrixitu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti maziko anali kuipidwa a mapiramidi, ndi msinkhu wawo si wolephera mapiramidi la Iguputo. Iwo anali kulemba ierograficheskuyu ndi ntchito mfundo ziro mu masamu. zakuthambo Mayan anali zimafika ndipo adalenga kalendala wotchuka, anamaliza kalendala wake mu 2012. anthu lakale wasowa yaitali asanabwere Columbus.

Aaziteki - anthu ochuluka kuposa Mexico. Poyamba kusaka ndi akungoyendayenda fuko, koma pambuyo masana yaitali Aaziteki anakakhala pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Texcoco. Kenako katswiri ulimi ndipo anamanga mizinda, anali waukulu Tenochtitlan. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu akale anali ndithu dongosolo zovuta za yothiriridwa ulimi.

Aaziteki pamaso pa Spanish kugonjetsa anasunga miyambo yakale. Analipo pafupifupi 60,000. The ntchito yaikulu akhasaka kusodza. Komanso, fuko analipo magawano mu genera zingapo ndi akuluakulu. Kuchokera m'mizinda subordinated msonkho anali kudzipatula.

Aaziteki ankasiyana kuti anali mokwanira okhwima centralized akulamulira dongosolo masanjidwe. Pa mlingo wapamwamba anali mfumu ndi ansembe, ndi otsika - akapolo. Komanso, Aaziteki ntchito kuphedwa ndi anthu nsembe.

Wotukuka kwambiri anthu a Ainka

Kwambiri chachinsinsi fuko la Ainka mmodzi wa chitukuko waukulu wakale. Fuko ankakhala pa mtunda wa mamita 4.5 zikwi mu mapiri a Chile ndi Colombia. XI по XVI века нашей эры. Ndi boma wamkulu analipo kuchokera XI kwa BC XVI atumwi.

Mpheroyi dera lonse wa Boma la Bolivia, Peru ndi Ecuador. Gawo la Argentina ano, Colombia ndi Chile, ngakhale kuti mu 1533 ufumu anali atataya kale kwambiri madera ake. Mpaka 1572 Fuko anali kuima chitsutsire ndi matenda conquistadors, amene anali ndi chidwi kwambiri mu Länder latsopano.

M'dziko lolamuliridwa ndi Inca ulimi chuma ndi ulimi yamakhonde. Zinali zomvetsa kwambiri kuyambira anthu, anagwiritsa ntchito sewers ndi kulenga dongosolo ulimi wothirira.

Pakali pano, azambiriyakale ambiri chidwi funso la chifukwa ndi kumene mbisoweka kotero kwambiri fuko.

"Uchimo" ku America amwenye

Mosakayikira, zikuonekeratu kuti American Indians adzipangira chopereka yaikulu chitukuko dziko. Azungu akhala anaitenga ku kulima ndi kulima chimanga ndi mpendadzuwa, komanso masamba: mbatata, tomato, tsabola. Komanso, kuyamba nyemba, zipatso koko ndi fodya. Zonsezi ife tiri ku Amwenye.

Ndi zikhalidwe izi zathandiza pa nthawi kuchepetsa njala mu Europe ndi ku Asia. Chimanga anadzakhala singasiyanitsidwe chakudya chodalirika ziweto. Ambiri a mbale pa tebulo wathu tinali Amwenye ndi Columbus, zavozshemu Europe "zodabwitsa" pa nthawi.