Dziko chiopsezo ndi njira za kuwunika kwake

Kukula kwa asapita a zachuma danga kumathandiza kuti zikamera wa mavuto amene chibadidwe malonda m'dziko lachilendo. Makampani chidwi mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mulingo woyenera chuma, mu msika osadziwika akhoza kukumana ndi wosakhazikika ndale boma, katangale defaults ndi zochitika zina chokhwima. Mfundo zonsezi ikukhudzana bwanji ndi dziko chiopsezo.

tanthauzo

Dziko chiopsezo - ichi ndi kuopseza kutaya ndalama mu ntchito zomwe, mwa njira ina chokhudzana ndi ntchito padziko lonse. Amaonekera ndi mfundo za chitukuko za dziko ndi digiri mmene awo pa makasitomala, counterparties. Mwachitsanzo, ziletso pa ntchito ndi ndalama zakunja angachotsedwe akuchedwa pankhani ya. Vuto limeneli ndi zoona makamaka m'mayiko mbiri anapitiriza convertibility wa ndalama dziko.

wolowezana

Dziko chiopsezo tichipeza zigawo ziwiri: luso ndi kufunitsitsa kulipira. Ndi woyamba zomvetsa zikugwirizana malonda, ndipo chachiwiri - pa ndale mu dziko. ndalama Financial ukhoza kukhala pa mlingo boma (chiopsezo insolvency) ndi pa mlingo kampani. Pansi chachiwiri, izo zamveka kuti mfundo zachuma State lingachepetse kulanda likulu. Political ndi dziko mavuto monga kuthekera zomvetsa chifukwa mmene zinthu chowawa kunja m'dera ndalama ndalama.

Njira kusanthula

Pofuna kuchepetsa zomvetsa chuma pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti aone zinthu pa dziko. Analysis chitachitidwa yomweyo isanafike ndalama ndalama. Ngati vutoli ndi mkulu, ndiye ntchito anachedwa, kaya kufunika anawonjezera "bonasi". Komabe, njira potaya dziko kuopsa ntchito kale limodzi lalikulu drawback: iwo ayerera mfundo. Amene ndi njira wotchuka kwambiri ndi Delphi. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti akatswiri woyamba akupanga dongosolo zizindikiro, ndiyeno kukopa Akatswiri amene kudziwa kulemera kwa aliyense chinthu dziko makamaka. The downside Njira ndi subjectivity wa amanenera.

njira zamakono

Dziko chiopsezo ku West kusanthula njira kugoletsa. Ndi fanizo kachulukidwe ndi makhalidwe yaikulu ya maiko osiyanasiyana ndipo Kupha chifukwa yofunika index, omwe amadziwa kuti zonse muyezo ndi tithe boma la chikoka awo ndalama. Pa njira otere anamanga German BERI index. Izo ntchito kuti aone ndalama nyengo m'mayiko 45 Mukaganizira 15 ndi kulemera osiyana yeniyeni. Aliyense chizindikiro anatuma mlingo kuchokera 0 kuti 4. apamwamba zigoli, ndi apamwamba phindu angathe Investor lapansi.

Olosera ndi The Economist anachititsa kusanthula mavuto dziko Kum'maŵa ndi Pakati pa Ulaya pansi pa ndondomeko chosavuta, amene amatsimikiza ziyembekezo za kusintha msika. Kufunika zotsatira anatsimikiza ndi chakuti ndalama zothandiza likulu zimadalira mphamvu ya kusintha mu maiko.

Chachuma ndalama amagwiritsidwa ntchito mlingo wapadera ngongole pa maziko amene amasankha chinthu mulingo woyenera ndalama. Pamaziko a njira anayamba ndi magazini Europe, kawiri pa chaka, amayankha kudalirika kwa dziko.

zinthu

Kujambula yabwino ndalama nyengo ndi chofunika zofunika kukula zachuma. Yogwira inflows likulu (mwachitsanzo, Russia) angaletsedwe ndi zinthu monga:

1. Kupanda dongosolo khola malamulo.
2. Kukula kwa mavuto chikhalidwe chifukwa cha kuwonongeka zonse za moyo chuma cha anthu.
3. Odzipatula maganizo, zikuchitika m'madera ena a Russia.
4. Corruption m'madera ena.
5. Osauka zomangamanga - makamaka zoyendera aya, kutumiza utumiki hotelo.

mitundu

Dziko ndi kuopsa dera monga kumuopseza monga:

1. Kulephera kuzindikira ngongole kapena kukonza ake m'tsogolo.

2. Baibulo la zinthu alipire: ndi wokongoza mudzalandira ndalama zochepa, chifukwa wobwereka ali anakwanitsa kuchepetsa mitengo. Ngati contractual ngongole refinancing poyamba kuchepetsa ndi zilango, zotsatira zake kwa Investor ndi mofanana pa nkhani ya si malipiro.

3. Pankhani ya rescheduling ngongole pali zitsanzo ziwiri:

• kukula kwa malipiro pa yaikulu kuchuluka kwa yafupika gawo la ngongole olembedwa kutali;
• ngati wobwereka akufunafuna akuchedwa ndalama, mlingo sizidzasintha.

4. kuyimitsidwa za malipiro zifukwa luso chikhalidwe kanthawi. The ngongole ayenera mosakayikira kuti wobwereka adzakwaniritsa udindo wake. The chiwongola dzanja Pankhaniyi ali yemweyo.

5. Chodikanira ufulu pamene dziko sadziwa ndalama zakunja, amalowerera malire pa kusintha kwa ndalama kunja. Pa mlingo boma, kuopseza adziwonetsa chiopsezo kulephera kwa utumiki ngongole.

kuwunikira

Dziko umafunika chiopsezo anatsimikiza ndi zokolola kumangidwa boma lina ndi ngongole zina pa nthawi yomweyo wa unali woyenerera. Koma Russia, kuchepa amphamvu anati mu 1998. Ndiye chiopsezo kuchuluka mofulumira kuposa umafunika izo. Ndiko kuti, ndalama kuti osati analibe zinthu zolondola, koma m'misika anali pa mlingo wa mabungwe dzikoli, womwe anaphonya kusintha zinthu chuma ndi ndale. Mavuto zinachitika koyamba masiku angapo isanafike kusakhulupirika mu 1998, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pambuyo.

dziko chiopsezo mlingo mwamphamvu amakhudza mabanki, amene zochitika mwachindunji zokhudzana ubale yachilendo zachuma. Pa ngati kuopseza anakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Onse ayenera n'komwe pamene kupenda zinthu mu chigawo chomwe mufuna.

Russian dziko chiopsezo

Agency Moody Investor Service anatsitsa mlingo la Chitaganya cha Russia ku maziko. Ngati Standard & Osauka ndi fitch kuti aone kukonzekera ngongole, Mis amaona kukwanira kwa malipiro likhoza malonda ndi kusakhulupirika. Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti lapadziko kuwunika zoipa chifukwa zifukwa za ndale. Malinga ndi odziŵa za bungwe, ndi outflow likulu m'chaka panopa adzakhala zopanda madola mabiliyoni 272, ndi GDP adzaleka ndi 8.5%, pamene kufufuma inapita patsogolo ndi 15%. Koma Utumiki Finance amati Russian bwinobwino anakumana ndi amphamvu mantha - ndi 50 peresenti kuchepa mitengo mafuta. Ndipo chifukwa mabungwe dziko chiopsezo anakokomeza kwambiri. Anasonkhanitsa nkhokwe lonse, ndiwo kuposa ngongole anthu. Komanso pali panopa nkhani zochuluka. Izi ubwino bungwe sankaona. Koma mfundo anakhazikitsako zochokera chakuti Russia mukhoza kupeza ziletso latsopano chifukwa cha chitukuko sizimadziwika ya zochitika Ukraine.

zotsatira

Kafukufuku dziko chiopsezo, pa dzanja limodzi, okwanira. Kunja misika likulu kwa Russia kwenikweni kutsekedwa. limaluluza zimakhudza mtengo wa pobwereka kwa dziko. Ndi pafupifupi sabweretsa chisoni. Koma akatswiri nkhawa zimenezi bungwe mlingo lonse angakakamize ndalama bwererani ndalama zawo ku Russia. Ndipo ngakhale pambuyo olimba a zinthu n'zokayikitsa msanga kubwerera likulu kuti dziko. Kuopseza yachiwiri ndi yakuti obwereketsa ndidzapempha chiwombolo oyambirira Eurobonds. limaluluza kudawerengedwa chifukwa msika mu mawonekedwe a yochepa ndi kulumpha otsika ku dollar kuti chilemba cha rubles 64.

The gawo banki Nayenso anazunzidwa

The-apansi zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa Moscow ndalama chikoka cha St. Petersburg ndi zigawo 13. The mlingo mfumu ya likulu ndi dera Leningrad anali pa mlingo wa "Ba1". Izi ndi apamwamba kuposa Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod ndi madera ena. kaonedwe akhala oipa kwa zigawo izi. Komanso, Russian dziko chiopsezo yaikulu mabungwe ngongole. Mavoti wa madipoziti yaitali Sberbank ndi VTB mu Rubles kusanduka "Baa3" ndi "Ba1", ndi ndalama zakunja - kuti "Ba1" ndi "Ba2" ndi Mapa kusintha negative. The vuto lomweli anati mu "Alfa-Bank", "Gazprombank" ndi "Rosselkhozbank".

Pomaliza

Dziko chiopsezo aumbike pamaziko a zambiri zinthu kunja ndi mkati zokhudza kukopa boma ndi chuma. Zimenezi zikusonyeza zambiri m'madera pali zoletsa zina pa ndalama convertibility. M'mayikowa pali ndalama, ndi kusamutsa chiopsezo wolephera wa alipire ya ngongole. Choncho, pamaso pakuika zinthu zotiyenereza kuchititsa kusanthula mozama zinthu kunja ndi mkati. Global mabungwe mlingo chaka kufalitsa ziyenera awo chikoka ndalama za dziko.