Development Social ku Russia: mitundu, mphamvu, mbiri

Ndale komanso chitukuko cha Russia mu 1894-1904 chifukwa mapangidwe maganizo atsopano anthu ambiri. M'malo alipidwa "Mulungu Pulumutsani Tsar!" M'misewu chisokonezo poyera, "Pansi ndi autocracy!" Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti pamapeto pake tsoka, yemwe analibe zinachitikanso mbiri lonse zaka chikwi cha mkhalidwe wathu. Kodi chinachitika? Mwandichitira chiwembu pamwamba, mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zina, kapena ndithu Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe zachititsa kuti zimene anthu anafuna kusintha?

N'chifukwa chiyani pa maluwa apamwamba a zachuma, sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ulimi ndi makampani mu dziko, mfumu anakhala "Magazi a mfumu"? Kumene, mbiri alibe maganizo subjunctive. Koma, ngati Nicholas II zimakhaladi "kukhetsa mwazi wakupha la anthu," ngati m'nthawi lace, kukadamuyenera palibe zisinthe, pamene ogwira ntchito za fakitale Putilov, wolumala kupanga onse ankhondo mu mzinda waukulu m'mafakitale dziko panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri akadaphedwa monga "opanduka a Mama" . The zinachitika pambuyo zisinthe, pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu ku mphamvu. Koma mu 1884, palibe sakanatha kudziwa. Zambiri zokhudza Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ya anthu pa nthawi imeneyo, tikambirana zina.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

kusintha A mu malingaliro ena anayamba October 20, 1894. Pa tsiku ili, anafa Mfumu Alexander III, analandira kuchokera oyamikira m'nthawi ndi ana dzina lakuti "wokonzanso." Iye anakhala mfumu mwana wake Nicholas II - mmodzi wa kanjedza kwambiri kusiyana maganizo mbiri yathu pamodzi ndi Ivan m'khutu ndi Iosifom Stalinym. Koma mosiyana ndi iwo, mfumu ndipo sanathe mpokolowekapo chizindikiro "wambanda" ndi "wakupha", ngakhale kuti zachitika, mwina kuposa mwa mbiri yakale zonse Soviet. Zinali otsiriza Russian Tsar kuyambira kukula lingamutsatire liwiro mphamvu ya Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe kwa kupasula autocracy lapansi. Koma zinthu oyamba.

Wambiri Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

Nicholas II anabadwa May 6, 1868. Pa tsiku limeneli, Akhristu amaona woyera Azivutika Yobu. Mfumu adakhulupirira iye yekha - ndi chizindikiro amene anena kuti watsala pang'ono akuvutika moyo. Kotero chinachitika kenako - Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe kwachititsa chakuti chidani cha autocracy anthu m'zaka yapita anafika kuwira mfundo ndi zinachititsa zotsatira sizingasinthe. Kalekale mkwiyo wa anthu anayamba chimodzimodzi pa mfumu, kuti ndi wamkulu kuposa makolo awo onse ankaganizira kwambiri za moyo wa anthu awo. Inde, ndi mfundo imeneyi, ambiri azenga, koma monga iwo amati, anthu angati, malingaliro ambiri.

Nicholas II anali ophunzira bwino, ankadziwa zilankhulo zambiri yachilendo mwangwiro, koma nthawi zonse ankalankhula Russian.

andale owolowa manja anapachikidwa pa zolemba wake ofooka wofuna munthu amene sanatenge zochita palokha ndipo zonse zakhala mchikakamizo cha akazi: choyamba mayi ndi mkazi wake. Solutions, maganizo awo, kutenga mlangizi amene ankafunsira nzeru ndi mfumu yomaliza. Achikominisi anamutcha ndi "wamagazi wankhanza", zimene zinachititsa Russia ndi mavuto.

Zolemba zonse mukufuna kukangana ndi kukumbukira wamagazi 1921 ndi kupereka misa ya Cheka, ndipo nthawi kupondereza Stalin. "Amagazi wankhanza" si ngakhale anawomberedwa amene panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri chawonongera yobereka mkate ndi zipolopolo kutsogolo kumapeto kwa 1916, asilikali Russian anafa chifukwa cha njala ndi kusowa kwa zipolopolo anakakamizika kupita pa kuukira ndi manja ace pa mfuti. Kumene, asilikali wamba sanamvetse zimene zimayambitsa woona zimene zikuchitika, ndi okopa mwaluso Mwachangu anapeza chifukwa cha zoipa zonse nkhope ya Russian mfumu yomaliza.

Kapena Nicholas II ndi ofooka wofuna munthu amene ndi pamene zochita zambiri zandale chosiyana maganizo ndi anthu ochepa ozungulira, ndi bourgeoisie, nsonga za anthu otchuka ndi ogwira banja. Koma iwo sanali "ndi zokhumba za wolamulira wankhanza zachabechabe," ndi kuthetsera mavuto aakulu ambiri. Otsiriza a alangizi anawatcha kokha munthu amene anathandizila mfundo yake maganizo, choncho olakwika andale owolowa manja.

January 17, 1895, Nicholas II analengeza za chitetezo cha autocracy ndi dongosolo lakale limene basi anakonzeratu pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko. Chosintha m'munsi pambuyo mawu awa anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe ndi liwiro kuposa kale lonse, ngati wina wake dala bungwe kuchokera kunja.

Ndale komanso chitukuko cha Russia m'chaka 1894-1904: a kulimbana echelons akuluakulu a mphamvu

Ndi kulakwitsa kuganiza kuti kugawanika anali pakati pa anthu wamba. Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe kwachititsa kuti ngakhale pakati pa atsogoleri apamwamba ndale za boma apanga kusiyana pa njira ya chitukuko cha Russia. Kulimbana kosatha kwa olekerera Western, flirts ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi American osafuna kusintha dziko lawo, kuyesera kupeza Russia mwa njira iliyonse, ndi kukula nthawi ino. Mwatsoka, kupanda "golide zikutanthauza" ndi kumvetsetsa kuti chuma, chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro chitukuko m'dziko ayenera kupita mu mgwirizano ndi West, koma kuteteza zofuna za m'banja, wakhala m'mbiri yathu. Today nthawi sanasinthe zinthu. Tinalengedwa kapena dziko lawo mu dziko amene akufuna kuima padera, kutsekedwa kwa dziko lonse, kapena owolowa manja, okonzeka zokambirana zonse kudziko lina.

Nicholas II anathamangitsa ndondomeko pa mfundo ya "golide zikutanthauza" yemwe anamupangitsa iye mdani kwa woyamba ndi wachiwiri. chakuti mfumu inali chabe wochirikiza wa mgwirizano ndi West poteteza zinthu zoweta, anati zoweta kulimbana ndale pakati pa asilikali awiri, omwe unachitikira mkulu boma.

azungu

Woyamba anali olekerera Western, lotsogoledwa ndi nduna Finance S. Yu. Vitte. ntchito yaikulu - chitukuko cha dziko la chuma .. Makampani, ulimi, etc. The mafakitale a dziko, malinga Witte, ayenera kwambiri bwanji chitukuko umoyo ndale. Iwo adzalola kuthetsa ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Kudziunjikira ndalama yankho la mavuto.
• Mukhale ulimi likuvutika bwino ndi mtengo poyerekeza kunja, zipangizo.
• Kupanga latsopano kalasi - ndi bourgeoisie, sipangakhalenso motsutsana ndi otchuka chikhalidwe, ntchito pa mfundo ya "kugawaniza ndi ulamuliro".

osafuna kusintha

Pa mutu wa asilikali ndiwofatsa anali nduna Mkati V. K. Pleve, yemwe patapita anapha kumuukira zigawenga, komanso ena odzipereka patriot, amene anapanga kuti chitukuko cha Russia koposa zonse - P. A. Stolypina. maonekedwe chachilendo ndi chakuti palibe opanga zovomereza-Western mfundo ..silinaona mu "wamagazi yoyeretsa" boma zigawenga mu XIX mochedwa - oyambirira XX zaka, amene anayesedwa chosiyana Russian boma ndi maganizo komanso chikhalidwe.

Pleven ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko chuma ndi ndale sangakhoze kutengera "mwana" achinyamata amene "kachilombo" ovomereza-Western malingaliro, mlendo kwa dziko lathu. Russia - Dziko ndi vekitala ake chitukuko. Kusintha, ndithudi, zofunika, koma safuna kuswa mabungwe onse chikhalidwe, zomwe zayambika zaka zambiri.

Kukula kwa zotsutsana

Zisinthe, monga ife tikudziwira, anachita manja wamng'ono. Russia ali nazonso pankhaniyi. Woyamba misa zionetsero mu 1899 anayamba pakati pa ophunzira aziwapatsa ufulu kubweza kudziyimira pawokha mayunivesite. Koma "wamagazi ulamuliro" sichikwiya misa kuwombera wa zionetserowo, palibe amene anamangidwa, ndipo mwa okonza. Akuluakulu chabe anatumiza Anthu angapo kupita kunkhondo, ndi "wophunzira kupanduka" yomweyo kuuzimitsa.

Komabe, mu 1901, iye n'kufa ndi Nduna ya Maphunziro N. P. Bogolepov kale wophunzira P. Karpovich. kuphedwa Izi a boma achikulire pambuyo yopuma yaitali uchigawenga anatchula mfundo yakuti Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu.

Mu 1902 Kupanduka kumene kunachitika mu chigawo chakumwera wa dziko mwa Amaya. Iwo anali wosasangalala ndi kupanda dziko. Zikwi chikhamu anaukira nyumba landlords, nkhokwe chakudya, malo, kuchotsa iwo.

Pofuna kukhazikitsa bata anakopeka ankhondo, amene kutiletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mphamvu za akuluakulu a kulongosola malamulo ndipo nthawi yomweyo zikusonyeza onse "wamagazi" ulamuliro. Yekha muyeso lalikulu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena instigators, amene anali pansi lotsatira anthu. Palibe kupereka misa, ndi kupereka analemba magwero mbiri. Yerekezerani, ndifuna zochitika zomwe zinachitika zaka 20 pambuyo kuchigawo Tambov. Pali chiwembu misa motsutsa Bolsheviks chakudya akuba. Boma Soviet analamula kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala ndi osawuka, amene anali kubisala mu nkhalango, ndi mabanja awo ndi mtundu wa yozunzirako, omwe ankayendetsa akazi ndi ana. Amuna anali kusinthitsa mtengo wa moyo wawo kuti amasule iwo.

The zipolowe mu Finland

Zinali wosakhazikika, ndi borderlands anthu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya kulowa Finland a ku Russia mu 1899, boma ikuchitika miyezo zotsatirazi:

• Zochepa Zakudya dziko.
• Anayambitsa timva kasamalidwe mu Russian.
• Iwo inasokonekera asilikali dziko.

Zonsezi simungathandize koma kulankhula za kuuma kwa atsogoleri andale a Nicholas II, kuyambira lisanayambe ngakhale olamulira ambiri osasunthika sanapite zinthu zoterozo. Inde, Finns anali wosasangalala, koma tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti mbali ya boma ndi mtundu wa kudziyimira pawokha, kumene yopeza ndalama zachitukuko, koma ankhondo ake, malamulo, boma, lomwe kosamugonjera pakati, onse zolembalemba boma zichitike chiyankhulo cha Amalawi. Finland sanali njuchi za Russian Ufumu, monga ngati kudzatenga nationalists m'deralo ndipo ankachita okha Kupititsa wagawo ankasangalala chitetezo ndi chithandizo cha Center.

Ndale komanso chitukuko cha Russia 1894-1904 chifukwa zikamera ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yatsopano, umene kumathandiza yaikulu mu mbiri yathu - chipani cha RSDLP lapansi.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)

Mu March 1902 ndinayamba Congress mu Minsk anthu 9, 8 amene anamangidwa kuti debunks bodza kulephera kwa mabungwe yazamalamulo kudziwa achiwembuwo. magwero sanena kanthu za bwanji anagwira nthumwi chinayi ndi chomwe iye anali.

II Congress unachitikira mu July-August 1903, zaka 2 pamaso pa Russian zisinthe koyamba mu 1905, kuchoka Russia - mu London ndi Brussels. Iwo watengera malamulo ndi ndondomeko wa chipanichi.

Pulogalamu osachepera RSDLP ndi

Modern maphwando otsutsa ngakhale mantha kuganizira zimene ntchito byliu Party RSDLP. osachepera:

1. Kupasula autocracy ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Democratic Republic.
2. Universal othandiza ndi chisankho demokalase.
3. Lamanja la mitundu kukhalanso ndi ofanana.
4. Lonse kuboma.
5. Maola asanu ndi atatu ntchito tsiku.
6. Chiyembekezo chakuti ya malipiro chiwombolo, kubwerera kwa ndalama kwa anthu amene onse analipira.

Pulogalamu pazipita RSDLP ndi

Pulogalamu pazipita anali ambiri dziko proletarian zisinthe. M'mawu ena, chipani anafuna kuyamba nkhondo pa dziko, pafupifupi, ndi kulengezedwa. kusintha zachiwawa si mphamvu chabe, ndi kuti chikhalidwe, sizingatheke mwa bata.

zipani ndi malemba, mapulogalamu, zolinga - latsopano mawonekedwe Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe ku Russia pa nthawi imeneyo.

nthumwi RSDLP kwa Congress Chachiwiri unagawanika m'magulu awiri:

1. Okonzanso, kutsogozedwa ndi L. Martov (Yu Tsederbaum), amene anali ndi zinthu zisinthe. Iwo ankanena kuti akaphunzire, njira mtendere yopangira mphamvu, komanso ankayembekezera zochokera bourgeoisie kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zake zandale.
2. Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira - analalikira kwa kulanda boma mwa njira iliyonse, kuphatikizapo, m'kupita kwa zisinthe. Iwo ankadalira pa proletariat (ntchito kalasi).

Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira kutsogoleredwa ndi V. I. Leninym anapambana ambiri mipando m'malo ŵa wa chipanichi. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo amatchedwa Bolsheviks. Kenako, zogawikazo phwando, ndipo iwo anadziwika monga RSDLP ndi (b), ndipo patapita kanthawi - ndi CPSU (b) (Onse-Russian Communist Party wa Bolsheviks).

Party Social-Chiwukirano Party (AKP)

Mwalamulo, ndi AKP anatengera malamulo ake mu December 1905 - January 1906, pamene umoyo ndale chitukuko cha Russia zasintha pambuyo ulimi ndi Manifesto pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma. Koma Social-boma, monga mphamvu ya zandale anatuluka kale kuti. Zinali iwo amene bungwe mantha misa ku boma la nthawi imeneyo.

Mu ndondomeko zake, boma Social ndipo analengeza kusintha chiwawa mphamvu, koma mosiyana ena, staked pa anthu wamba monga mphamvu ya zisinthe galimoto.

Development Social ku Russia: pozindikira ambiri

Anthu ambiri amafunsa chifukwa sayansi khumi kuchokera 1894-1904 gg. ankaona padera, chifukwa Nicholas II anapitiriza kukhala mu mphamvu? Yankhani kuti mbiri ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe 1894-1904 gg. Iwo unachitika woyamba Russian zisinthe mu 1905, kenako Russia anakhala Duma mafumu. Manifesto ya October 17, 1905 anayambitsa ulamuliro watsopano - Boma Duma. Kumene, malamulo anatengera analibe mphamvu popanda chilolezo mfumu, koma zochita zake zandale anali zoopsa.

Komanso, n'kuti Russia anayamba kuyala bomba kuti zimaphulika kenako mu 1917 kuti zidzayambitsa kupasula autocracy ndi Civil nkhondo.