Chiwerengero cha malo a zolimba. Mafakitale ochuluka a magetsi

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe gulu lazolimbitsa. Zimasonyezedwa, ndi chiani chithunzi ichi cha mawonekedwe a nkhani. Kusiyana pakati pa zitsulo kuchokera ku dielectrics ndi semiconductors zimaperekedwa.

Sopo ndi batani

Nthawi zingati pa tsiku timatsitsa pazitsulo zosiyanasiyana? Palibe amene amabwera m'malingaliro sangathe kulingalira izi - zomwezo ndizozoloŵera. Ndipo munthuyo sakuganiza kuti zonsezi n'zotheka kokha chifukwa cha momwe magetsi amayendera mosavuta. Tembenuzani kuwala, kuphika ketulo, kuyendetsa makina osamba, osatchula zochita pa mafoni a m'manja, kutanthauza kutseka dera ndikulola ma electron kuti azigwira ntchito mmalo mwa anthu. Pali zifukwa zambiri zowonongeka ngati maphunziro. Mwina chowonekera kwambiri ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu la zolimba.

Atomu ndi teapots

Aliyense wophunzira kusukulu ali ndi lingaliro la mawonekedwe a atomu. Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti ponseponse pakhomo lolemera kwambiri (lomwe lili ndi ma protoni ndi neutroni) magetsi aang'ono amatsuka. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zoipa ndizofanana ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zabwino. Kuti tisatengere owerenga, tidzatha kufotokozera m "machitidwe a" quantum mechanics for dummies ". Electron iliyonse ili ndi njira yochepa yomwe ingayende kuzungulira pachopachikachi. Komanso, mtundu uliwonse wa atomu uli ndi njira yapadera ya maulendo oterowo. Momwemonso asayansi amatha kusiyanitsa boron ku selenium ndi arsenic kuchokera ku sodium. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa zinthu zoyera, pali zambiri zosawerengeka za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe. Mafakitale ochuluka (omwe amawerengera owerenga, monga owerenga ayenera kukumbukira) amanena kuti muzitali zozungulira zimayendayenda, kuphatikiza, kusintha, kutambasula, kupanga kulumikizana. Mtundu wawo umadalira mtundu: covalent ndi ionic amphamvu, hydrogen, mwachitsanzo, ofooka.

Crystal dongosolo

Mu thupi lolimba, zinthu ndi zovuta. Kwa chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha gulu la zolimba, kristalo yabwino imatengedwa nthawi zambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi yopandamalire komanso yopanda uchimo - atomu iliyonse mu malo omwe adapatsidwa, malipiro onse ndi zero. Nuclei fluctuate kuzungulira mtundu umodzi, koma magetsi, wina anganene, ndi wamba. Malingana ndi momwe "atomu" yokha imaperekera magawo ake osayenera kwa anthu oyandikana nawo, mawonekedwe osasinthika a dielectrics kapena mafuta a zitsulo zamagetsi amapezeka. Ndiyenela kuwonjezera kuti pamene mukuganiza kuti magulu onse a electron amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe amapatsidwa, zimatanthauza kuti thupi liri pa zero Kelvin. Pakati pa kutentha kwapamwamba, kukula kwake kwa zikopa za nuclei ndi ma electron ndizolimba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti otsirizawa angathe kukhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera. Kugawidwa kwa magawo olakwika kumakhala "kovuta". Mavuto ena ndi ofunikira, koma kufotokoza zochitika izi ndizomwe, kutentha sikofunikira.

Mfundo ya Pauli ndi loader

Lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha gulu la thupi lolimba lingapezeke mwa kukumbukira bwino zomwe mfundo ya Pauli ili. Ngati tilingalira kuti magetsi ndi matumba a shuga, ndiye ngati pali matumba ambiri, katunduyo adzawatsatizana. "Thumba" lirilonse limalowa m'malo. Ma electron, izi zikutanthauza kuti mudziko lino pangakhale chimodzi mwa dongosolo limodzi. Awa ndiwo mfundo ya Pauli. Tawonani kuti timatanthauza zinthu zabwino, kutanthauza kuti kutentha ndi zero Kelvin, ndipo kristalo ndi yopanda malire. Machitidwe onsewa ali ofanana: kutentha, makina opanikizika, kutetezedwa ndi chimodzimodzi m'madera onse.

Malo amtundu wa magetsi

Mu kristalo, pali maatomu ambiri ofanana. Mulu umodzi wa mankhwala uli ndi khumi mu mphamvu makumi awiri ndi zitatu ya zinthu. Ndipo ndi makoswe angati mu kilogalamu, nkuti, mchere? Kotero mungathe ngakhale kunena kuti ngakhale kristalo kakang'ono kali ndi ma atomu angapo. Chida chilichonse chimakhala ndi zipangizo zamagetsi, koma bwanji ngati pali zingapo m'thupi limodzi? Ndipotu, malinga ndi mfundo ya Pauli, iwo onse ayenera kukhala ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mgwirizano wa gululi wazitsulo umapereka njira yotsatirayi: mayendedwe a electron amatenga mphamvu zosiyana. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pao ndi kochepa kwambiri moti amalembedwa, akuphatikizana kwambiri, ndipo amapanga gawo lopitirira. Choncho, mlingo uliwonse wa electron mu atomu imodzi umasandulika kukhala woyandikana mu kristalo wambiri. Zida za gulu la zolimba zidzakuthandizani kusiyanitsa kusiyana pakati pa ma dielectric and conductors.

Electron mkati mwa chigawo

Takhala tikukambirana kale zomwe zimachitika ku ma electron omwe amakhala mumtundu womwewo mu atomu pamene kandulo imapangidwa. Koma khalidwe lawo m'deralo lakhala likulibe mpaka pano. Kuwuza izi n'kofunika chifukwa kumatsimikizira kusiyana pakati pa zitsulo ndi zopanda zitsulo. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, gulu la ziphuphuli zimasonyeza kuti m'deralo mphamvu zosiyana za ma atomu zimasiyana kwambiri moti zimapanga mtundu wambiri. Choncho, sizovuta kuthana ndi cholepheretsa chomwe chilipo pakati pawo pa electron - chimasunthira mwaulere pa iwo, ngakhale mphamvu zowonjezera ndizokwanira izi. Komabe, malo amaloledwa onse ali ndi malire. Nthawi zonse pali mphamvu yapamwamba kapena yotsika kuposa ena onse.

Valent, choletsedwa, kupititsa patsogolo

Pakati pa madera amenewa pali dera la mphamvu lomwe mulibe mlingo umodzi umene electron ingapezeke. Pazithunzi, zikuwoneka ngati kusiyana koyera. Ndipo amatchedwa chigawo choletsedwa. Ma electron akhoza kuthana ndi vutoli pokhapokha. Kotero, iye ayenera kupeza mphamvu yoyenera pa izi. Malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoposa zonse, zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mtundu wa atomu, kukhalapo kwa magetsi kumaloledwa, amatchedwa valence, ndi yotsatira pambuyo pake ndizochita zoyendetsa.

Metal, dielectric

Zomwe gululi limagwiritsa ntchito poyendetsa mchere zimatsimikizira kuti kukhalapo kapena kupezeka kwa magetsi kumalo otsogolera kumasonyeza momwe pakalipano mumatuluka mankhwala. Motero, zitsulo ndi dielectric ndizosiyana. Pachiyambi choyamba, gulu lotsogolera liri kale ndi ma electron, chifukwa likulumikizana ndi gulu la valence. Izi zikutanthauza kuti magawo osasunthika akhoza kusunthira mwaufulu pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi, opanda mphamvu zina zowonjezera. Choncho, mphamvu yamagetsi mu zitsulo imayamba mosavuta, makamaka - mwamsanga, munda ukawonekera. Ndipo chifukwa chomwecho, mawaya amapangidwa ndi chitsulo, mkuwa, aluminium.

Zipangizo zomwe gulu lotsogolera ndi gulu la valence likulekanirana mwachangu zimatchedwa dielectric. Ma electron awo ali otsekedwa m'munsi wotsika. Chigawo choletsedwa chimasiyanitsa magawo osasunthika kuchoka pa mlingo umene angasunthire momasuka. Ndipo mphamvu zomwe ziyenera kuyanjanitsidwa kwa magetsi kuti zigonjetse izo, zidzasokoneza nkhaniyo. Kapena idzasintha zida zake zosadziwika. Choncho, pulasitiki yothira waya imasungunuka komanso imayaka, koma sichita magetsi.

Semiconductors

Koma pali kalasi yapakatikati ya zipangizo zomwe zili ndi malo oletsedwa, koma muzinthu zina zimatha kuyambitsa magetsi. Amatchedwa semiconductors. Monga dielectrics, iwo ali ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa magulu opangira ndi ma valence. Komabe, ndizochepa ndipo tidzatha kuthana ndi zina mwazochita. The classic semiconductor ndi sililicon (mu Latin - silicium). Silicon Valley yotchuka ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha zipangizo zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zipangizo zamagetsi.