Chikhalidwe cha Girisi Chakale: mwachidule. Mbali za chikhalidwe cha Girisi wakale

Nyumba ndi ziboliboli, ndakatulo ndi malingaliro a afilosofi akuluakulu onse ndi zigawo za "Chigriki cha Chigiriki", monga asayansi amatcha lero.

Ngati mukufuna chidwi chikhalidwe cha Ancient Greece, mukhoza kuwerenga mwachidule m'nkhaniyi. Kotero, nchiyani chomwe chimakondweretsa ngakhale omwe sadziwa zambiri mu luso la munthu kwa zaka zikwi zinai? Tiyeni tiwone izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Nthawi yakale, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuphulika kwa maluwa a Hellas (monga Agiriki akale adaitcha dziko lawo), chifukwa ambiri otsutsa akatswiri ndi ochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Osati pachabe! Pambuyo pa nthawi ino chiyambi ndi mapangidwe a mfundo ndi mtundu wa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya chilengedwe chamakono chinachitika.

Zonsezi, asayansi akugawa mbiriyakale ya chitukuko cha dziko lino mu nthawi zisanu. Tiyeni tiyang'ane zolembazo ndikukambirana za mapangidwe ena.

Nyengo ya Aegean

Nthawiyi ikuyimiridwa bwino ndi zipilala ziwiri - nyumba zachifumu za Mycenaean ndi Knossos. Wachiwiriwa akudziwika bwino lero monga Labyrinth ya nthano ya Thesee ndi Minotaur. Zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale anapeza, asayansi anatsimikizira kuti nkhaniyi ndi yoona. Malo oyambirira okha ndiwosungidwa, koma muli zipinda zoposa 300 mmenemo!

Kuwonjezera pa nyumba zachifumu, nthawi ya Crete-Mycenaean imadziwika ndi masikiti a atsogoleri Achaean ndi mafano a Cretan a mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono. Zifanizo zomwe zimapezeka mu malo obisalamo a nyumba yachifumu zikuwoneka m'mafilimu awo. Azimayi okhala ndi njoka amawoneka kuti ndi opambana komanso okongola.

Motero, chikhalidwe cha Girisi wakale, chidule chake chomwe chafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, chinachokera ku chithunzithunzi cha chitukuko chakale cha Krete ndi mafuko a Achaean ndi a Dorian omwe akubwera ku Peninsula.

Nyengo ya Homer

Nthawi ino ikusiyana ndi zakuthupi kuchokera kumbuyo. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 11 mpaka 9 BC, zochitika zambiri zofunika zinachitika.

Choyamba, chitukuko choyambirira chinatayika. Asayansi amanena kuti chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phirili. Kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwechi panali kubwerera ku chigawo cha midzi. Kwenikweni, mapangidwe a gulu adayamba mwatsopano.

Mfundo yofunikira ndi yakuti, potsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa chuma, chikhalidwe cha uzimu chimasungidwa bwino ndikupitirizabe kukula. Titha kuwona izi kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha ntchito za Homer, zomwe zikuwonetsera nthawi yofunikirayi.

The Trojan War inatha kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Minoan, ndipo wolembayo anakhalapo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yakale. Izi ndizo, "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey" ndizo zokhazo zenizeni za nthawiyi, chifukwa kupatulapo iwo ndi zofukulidwa pansi, sizikudziwika lero.

Chikhalidwe cha Archaic

Panthawi ino, pali kukula kofulumira komanso mapangidwe a mayiko. Ndalamayi imayamba kuikidwa, zilembo zimapangidwa ndipo kalatayo imapangidwa.

M'nthaŵi yamakono, Maseŵera a Olimpiki amaoneka, kupembedza kwa thupi labwino ndi maseŵera kumapangidwa.

Panthawi imeneyi chikhalidwe cha dziko lakale la Greece chinabadwira. Uthenga wachidule wonena za kukula kwa mitundu yake yomwe mungathe kuwerengera.

Nthawi yachikale

Chirichonse chomwe chikhalidwe cha dziko lakale la Greece chimatisangalatsa ife lero (chidule mwachidule chiri mu nkhaniyi) chinalengedwa ndendende mu nthawi ino.

Philosophy ndi sayansi, kujambula ndi kujambulidwa, zojambulajambula ndi zolemba ndakatulo - mitundu yonseyi ikukumana ndi kuphulika ndi chitukuko chapadera. Wodzikuza wodzionetsera yekha anali nyumba ya Athene, yomwe imakondweretsa omvera ndi mgwirizano ndi mawonekedwe ake.

Hellenism

Nthawi yomaliza ya chikhalidwe cha chi Greek ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa cha kufanana kwake.

Ku mbali imodzi, miyambo yachi Greek ndi Yachiwiri imagwirizana chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa Alexander Wamkulu. Komabe, Roma imagonjetsa Greece, koma omaliza amaigonjetsa ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

Zojambulajambula

Parthenon ndi chimodzi mwa zipilala zolemekezeka kwambiri zakale. Ndipo zinthu za Doric kapena za Ionian, mwachitsanzo, zipilala, zimakhala ndi zojambulajambula.

Kawirikawiri, chitukuko cha lusoli chikhoza kutengedwa kupyolera m'kachisi. Pambuyo pake, nyumba zamtundu uwu zidapatsidwa ndalama zambiri, mphamvu ndi luso. Ngakhalenso nyumba zachifumu zinali zochepa kuposa malo operekedwa nsembe kwa milungu.

Kukongola kwa akachisi akale a Chigriki ndikuti iwo sanali akachisi odabwitsa a zakumwa zodabwitsa ndi zamwano. Mwa makonzedwe apakati, iwo anali ofanana ndi nyumba zowonongeka, zokha zokhala ndi zipangizo zokongola ndi zowonjezera. Ndipo ndi zosiyana bwanji, ngati milungu yomwe inkawonetsedwa ngati yofanana ndi anthu, ndi mavuto omwewo, mikangano ndi chisangalalo?

M'tsogolomu, ndondomeko zitatu zazitsulo zinakhazikitsira maziko a mafashoni ambiri a zomangamanga ku Ulaya. Ndi chithandizo chawo chomwe chikhalidwe cha Akale ku Greece mwachidule, koma mwachangu komanso mwakhama kulowa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wamunthu wamakono.

Vaso kujambula

Ntchito za lusoli ndizochuluka kwambiri ndipo zikufufuzidwa mpaka pano. Kusukulu, ana amaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha ku Girisi wakale chinali (mwachidule). Gawo 5, mwachitsanzo, ndi nthawi yodziwa chabe ndi nthano ndi nthano.

Ndipo zipilala zoyambirira za chitukuko ichi zomwe ophunzira akuwona ndi zowonjezera zakuda-ndi-lacquer mbale - zokongola kwambiri ndi zokongola, mbale zomwe zimakhala ngati zokumbutsa, zokongoletsera komanso zokhala pamodzi pa nthawi zonse.

Kujambula kwapadera kwadutsa muzigawo zingapo za chitukuko. Poyamba anali zokongoletsera zojambulidwa, zodziwika kuyambira chikhalidwe cha Minoan. Komanso, mizati, mizere ndi zina zinawonjezeredwa kwa iwo.

Pokonzekera kukhala vazopis amapeza mbali zojambula. Pa zitsulo zimawoneka nkhani kuchokera ku nthano ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa Agiriki akale, zifaniziro za anthu, zithunzi za nyama ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ojambulawo sanathe kufotokozera zokongoletsera zawo, komanso kuti apereke maonekedwe awo kwa anthu olembawo. Chifukwa cha zikhumbo zawo, milungu yeniyeni ndi masewera amadziwika mosavuta.

Nthano

Anthu a dziko lapansi lakale ankazindikira zochitika zosiyana mosiyana ndi zomwe tinkazimvetsa. Mizimu inali mphamvu yaikulu yomwe inali yowonjezera zomwe zinali kuchitika mu moyo waumunthu.

Kusukulu nthawi zambiri amafunsidwa kuti afotokoze mwachidule za mutu wakuti "Chikhalidwe cha Akale ku Greece", mwachidule, mochititsa chidwi komanso mwatsatanetsatane akulongosola choloŵa cha chitukuko chodabwitsa ichi. Pankhaniyi, ndi bwino kuyamba nkhaniyi ndi nthano.

Zakale zamakedzana achi Greek zinaphatikizapo milungu yambiri, anthu amtundu wankhanza komanso olimba mtima, koma chachikulu chinali Olimpiki khumi ndi awiri. Mayina ena a iwo anali atadziwika kale panthawi ya chitukuko cha Mycenaean. Iwo amatchulidwa pa mapale a miyala olemba mzere. Ndizodabwitsa kuti panthawi ino anali ndi akazi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi khalidwe lomwelo. Mwachitsanzo, panali Zeus-iye ndi Zeus-she.

Lero tikudziwa za milungu ya ku Greece yakuyamika chifukwa cha zojambula zokongola ndi zolemba zomwe zakhalapo zaka mazana ambiri. Zithunzi, mafano, mafano, masewero ndi nkhani - zonse izi zinkawonetsedwa mu maonekedwe a Helleni.

Malingaliro amenewo apulumuka nthawi yawo. Chikhalidwe chokongola cha Ancient Greece, mwachidule, chinali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pakupanga maphunzilo ambiri a ku Ulaya. Ojambula a Renaissance adatsitsimutsa ndikukula malingaliro a kalembedwe, mgwirizano ndi mawonekedwe, omwe amadziwika ngakhale ku Greece.

Mabuku

Zaka mazana ambiri zimasiyanitsa anthu athu kuchokera ku gulu la Hellas wakale, kuphatikizapo, makamaka, zinyama zokha zomwe zalembedwa zatsikira kwa ife. "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey", mwinamwake - ntchito yotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa chikhalidwe cha Ancient Greece chimadziwika. Chidule (za Odyssey ndi zochitika zake) zikhoza kuwerengedwa kwa wowerengera aliyense, ndipo zochitika za munthu wanzeruzi zimakondweretsa anthu mpaka pano.

Popanda uphungu wake, sipadzakhala kupambana kwa Achaeans mu Trojan War. Momwemo, ndakatulo zonse zimapanga chithunzi cha wolamulira wa chilumba cha Ithaca mwangwiro. Otsutsa amamudziwa ngati munthu aliyense, omwe ali ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino.

Kukonzekera Homer kumatanthauza zaka zachisanu ndi chitatu BC. Olemba ena, monga Euripides, adayambitsa mtsinje watsopano ku ntchito zawo. Ngati chiyanjano pakati pa masewera ndi milungu, komanso machenjerero a zibodza ndi kulowerera kwawo miyoyo ya anthu wamba, chinali chinthu chachikulu pamaso pawo, tsopano zinthu zonse zikusintha. Zovuta za m'badwo watsopanowu zimasonyeza dziko lamkati la munthu.

Chikhalidwe cha Girisi wakale, kuyankhula mwachidule, mu nthawi yachikulire amayesera kulowa mkati mwakuya ndikuyankha mafunso ambiri osatha. "Kuphunzira" kumeneku kunaphatikizapo malo monga mabuku, filosofi, ndi zojambulajambula. Oyankhula ndi olemba ndakatulo, oganiza ndi ojambula - onse amayesera kuti azindikire zogwiritsira ntchito zadziko ndikupereka nzeru zomwe analandira kwa anawo.

Art

Mndandanda wa zojambulazo umachokera pa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa m'mabotolo. Nthawi ya Chigiriki (Achaean-Minoan) yatsogoleredwa ndi Crete-Mycenaean, pamene chitukuko chinkakhalapo pazilumba, osati ku Balkan Peninsula.

Kwenikweni chikhalidwe cha Greece wakale, kufotokoza mwachifupi kwa zomwe timapereka mu nkhaniyi, kumapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chachiwiri BC. Zakale zakale kwambiri anali akachisi (mwachitsanzo, kachisi wa Apollo pa chilumba cha Fehr) komanso kujambula zombo. Kwachiwiri, chokongoletseracho chiri mu mawonekedwe a zojambula zosavuta kwambiri zamakono. Zida zikuluzikulu za ojambula a nthawi ino anali olamulira ndi makompyuta.

M'nthaŵi yamakono, yomwe inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC, luso limakhala lokulitsa komanso lolimba mtima. Pali keramiki zakuda zakuda za ku Korinto, kuchokera ku Igupto zizindikiro za anthu omwe amasonyezedwa pa zitsulo ndi zochepetsedwa zimakongoletsedwa. Pali chithunzi chotchedwa kumwetulira kwazithunzi pazithunzi, zomwe zikukhala zachilengedwe zambiri.

M'nthawi yamakono, pali "kuphweka" kwa zomangamanga. Mtundu wa Doric umalowetsedwa ndi Ionic ndi Akorinto. M'malo mwa miyala ya miyala ya miyala, miyala ya marble ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo nyumba ndi zojambula zimakhala zowonjezereka kwambiri. Chisokonezo ichi chithera ndi Hellenism, tsiku lomwelo la ufumu wa Alexander Wamkulu.

Masiku ano m'mabungwe ambiri chikhalidwe cha Ancient Greece chikuphunzitsidwa - mwachidule kwa ana, okwanira kwambiri achinyamata komanso ozama kafukufuku. Koma ngakhale ndi chikhumbo chonse, sitikulemba kwathunthu zinthu zomwe zatisiyidwa ndi oimira anthu awa akuda.

Philosophy

Ngakhale chiyambi cha mawu awa ndi Chigriki. Ellinov anali ndi chikondi cholimba cha nzeru. Osati kanthu pa dziko lonse lakalekale, iwo ankawoneka kuti ndi anthu ophunzira kwambiri.

Lero sitimakumbukira aliyense wa ophunzira a Mesopotamiya kapena Aigupto, tikudziwa magulu a ofufuza a Roma, koma mayina a oganiza achigiriki onse amvedwa. Democritus ndi Protagoras, Thales waku Mileto ndi Pythagoras, Socrates ndi Plato, Epicurus ndi Heraclitus zonse zathandiza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi, zinawathandiza zotsatira za zomwe iwo anakumana nacho ndi chitukuko kwambiri kuti tigwiritsabe ntchito zomwe adachita.

Mwachitsanzo, Pythagoreans, sizinathetseretu kuchuluka kwa manambala m'dziko lathu lapansi. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mwa kuthandizira inu simungakhoze kufotokoza kokha chirichonse, koma ngakhale kuneneratu tsogolo. Sophist makamaka ankamvera dziko la mkati la munthu. Zolondola zimatanthauzidwa ndi iwo monga zomwe zimakondweretsa, ndi zoipa monga chinthu kapena chochitika chomwe chimayambitsa kuvutika.

Democritus ndi Epicurus adapanga chiphunzitso cha atomi, ndiko kuti, dziko lapansi liri ndi zinthu zazing'ono zapachiyambi, zomwe anakhalapo pokhapokha atapangidwa ndi microscope.

Socrates anatembenuza chidwi cha oganiza kuchokera ku zakuthambo kupita ku phunziro la munthu, ndipo Plato analingalira dziko lonse la malingaliro, powona kuti ndilo lokhalo lenileni.

Kotero, tikuwona kuti zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha dziko lakale la Greece, mwachidule, zimawonetsedwa kudzera mu ndende ya mafilosofi pa moyo wamunthu wamakono.

Masewera

Anthu amene afika ku Girisi, kwa nthawi yaitali amakumbukira kumvetsa komwe munthu amakumana nawo paulendo. Mphamvu zake zamatsenga, zomwe ngakhale lero zimawoneka ngati chozizwitsa, zakhala zikugonjetsa mitima kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Nyumbayi, yomwe si mizera khumi ndi iwiri, malowa ali panja, ndipo owona, atakhala pamtunda, amatha kumva momwe ndalama imagwera pa siteji. Kodi sizodabwitsa?

Zomwe zinachitikira masewerawa zinali zosangalatsa. Panopa amadziwika ku Italy, komedwe ya masks imachokera ku masewero achigiriki. Njira zomwe zimapangitsa kusunthira malo okhala ndi miyala ndi katundu zimatchedwa "mulungu kuchokera ku galimoto", anadabwa kwambiri ndi omverawo.

Kotero, tikuwona kuti chikhalidwe cha Ancient Greece, chomwe tafotokozedwa mwachidule, chinapanga maziko a zamakono, filosofi, sayansi ndi mabungwe a anthu. Ngati sizinali za Gahena zakale, sizikudziwika kuti moyo wamakono ungakhale wotani.