Chakudya unyolo: zitsanzo. Mofanana ndi unyolo chakudya?

Nyama zakuthengo ndi pafupifupi munthu zamoyo izo sizikanakhala kudyedwa ndi zolengedwa zina kapena kukhala kuti aliyense chakudya. Choncho, zomera kudya tizilombo ambiri. Tizilombo okha ndi nyama zolengedwa zikuluzikulu. Anthu kapena zinthu zina ndi mayunitsi amene anapanga unyolo chakudya. Zitsanzo za "odalira" angapezeke kulikonse. Choncho nyumba imeneyi, pali maumboni mlingo woyamba. Monga ulamuliro, ndi zomera zobiriwira. Kodi zitsanzo zina za chakudya chimene kotunga madera? Amene anapangitsa kungakhale olipira? Kodi zimachitika pakati pa iwo? About lino nkhaniyi.

zambiri

Chakudya unyolo, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa pansizi, ndi yeniyeni ya tizilombo, bowa, zomera ndi nyama. Aliyense kugwirizana ndi pa mlingo yake. Tinamanga ichi "kudalira" pa mfundo ya "chakudya - ogula". Pamwamba pa unyolo ambiri chakudya ndi mwamuna. Kuposa dziko ina anthu kachulukidwe apamwamba, ndi mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono adzakhala ali akuyambira mbadwa, monga anthu amakakamizidwa mu zikhalidwe zambiri kudya zomera.

Chiwerengero cha misinkhu

nthawi yaitali bwanji kukhala unyolo chakudya? Zitsanzo za tiered pali mbali yosiyana. Ambiri kuvumbulutsidwa ndi zotsatirazi: mkati mbozi thupi pano parasitic ntchentche mphutsi mwa iwo - nematodes (mphutsi), mu mphutsi, motero, mabakiteriya bwino mwa iwo - zosiyanasiyana mavairasi. Koma nambala wopandamalire limasonyeza sangakhale. Pa nkhani iliyonse lotsatira pali kuchepa kwa amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni za makumi angapo nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, mphalapala 1000 makilogalamu zomera "kulenga" ndi kilogalamu mazana a thupi lanu. Koma kambuku kuwonjezera kulemera ndi makilogalamu 10 100 makilogalamu ayenera mbawala. chiwerengero cha mayunitsi zimadalira zinthu zimene zimapangidwa imodzi kapena zina unyolo chakudya nyama. Zitsanzo za kachitidwe Tingaone mu chirengedwe. Choncho, achule amene sakudziwa chakudya cha ena mitundu ya njoka, amene nawonso, kudya zilombo. Monga ulamuliro, chotero "ndondomeko" wa osapitirira atatu kapena anayi mayunitsi. Izi "nyumba" umatchedwanso zachilengedwe piramidi. Mu izo, aliyense siteji yotsatira n'chochepa kwambiri kuposa m'mbuyomu.

Kodi zimachitika mwa chilengedwe cha mapiramidi?

Kodi unyolo chakudya? Zitsanzozi zimasonyeza kuti wina kugwirizana zikumuyendera ayenera kukhala pa mlingo wokwererapo chitukuko kuposa m'mbuyomu. Monga tanenera kale, ubale mu mapiramidi aliyense zachilengedwe zinamangidwa pa mfundo ya "chakudya ndi ogula". Chifukwa kudya mwa zamoyo zina anagwira kutengerapo mphamvu kuchokera m'munsi zimatiyika apamwamba. Chifukwa, makope zinthu zamoyo.

Chakudya unyolo. zitsanzo

Conventionally, pali mitundu ingapo ya mapiramidi zachilengedwe. Pali, makamaka unyolo odyetserako chakudya. Zitsanzo kuti Tingaone mu chirengedwe, ndi mbali kumene mphamvu kutengerapo limapezeka kuchokera ku chotsikitsitsa (losavuta) zamoyo apamwamba (ogwirira). mapiramidi awa, makamaka kuyikapo mbali zotsatirazi: ". rodent ogwirira" "mbozi mbewa-mamba-urchins-nkhandweyo" Wina chakudya detrital unyolo, zitsanzo zomwe adzapatsidwa hereinafter, ndi ndondomeko imene amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni si ntchito ndi zilombo zolusa, ndipo inali kuwola chikuchitika ndondomeko yokhudza tizilombo. Akukhulupirira kuti piramidi zachilengedwe akuyamba ndi zomera. Choncho, makamaka, izo zikuwoneka unyolo chakudya cha nkhalango. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi: "kuvunda-wagwa masamba zokhudza tizilombo", "akufa zimakhala zomera, bowa millipede-chimbudzi-bowa nogohvostiki nthata (ogwirira) -hischniki-millipede-mabakiteriya".

Alimi ndi ogula

Mu gulu lalikulu la madzi (nyanja, nyanja) planktonic unicellular algae ndi chakudya cha cladocerans (fyuluta feeders nyama). Nawonso, ndi nyama zolusa wa udzudzu mphutsi. Tizilombo timeneti kudya mitundu ina ya nsomba. Iwo kudyetsa anthu akuluakulu zolusa. Izi piramidi zachilengedwe - Mwachitsanzo Nyanja chakudya unyolo. zamoyo zonse zinthu monga maulalo, ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana trophic. Mu gawo loyamba ndi alimi, wotsatira - consuments Choyamba (ogula). Wachitatu trophic mlingo ogula ndi kuti 2 (carnivores yaikulu). Nawonso, chakudya zolusa sekondale - lachitatu kuti ogula, ndi zina zotero. Monga ulamuliro, zachilengedwe piramidi dziko monga mayunitsi atatu kapena asanu.

dziwe lapanja

Pakuti alumali nyanja, mu malo otsetsereka m'dzikoli kwambiri kapena zochepa steeply kwa zozama kumveka nyanja zimachokera lotseguka nyanja. M'dera lino, makamaka buluu ndi madzi bwino. Ichi ndi chifukwa pakalibe mankhwala inaimitsidwa zochita kupanga ndi buku ang'onoang'ono a planktonic zomera tosaoneka ndi nyama (timayandama ndi zooplankton). M'madera ena, pamwamba madzi a mtundu opatsirana yowala buluu. Mwachitsanzo, pa Sargasso Sea. Zikatero tilankhula za otchedwa zipululu nyanja. Kumalo amenewa, ngakhale pa akuya zikwi mamita ntchito zida tcheru angazindikire kuda kuwala (mu sipekitiramu buluu wobiriwira). Open nyanja ndi chibadidwe mu anasiya zooplankton mphutsi zosiyanasiyana zamoyo benthic (echinoderms, molluscs, nkhanu), amene nambala monga mtunda kuchokera ku gombe akutsikira zikuchepa. Monga m'madzi osaya, ndi expanses lalikulu zochita dzuwa monga yekhayo gwero mphamvu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a photosynthesis timayandama ntchito wotchedwa chlorophyll kupanga mankhwala organic kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi. Choncho amene amati mankhwala chachikulu.

Nyanja maulalo a unyolo chakudya

Apanga algae mankhwala organic anasamutsa mwachindunji kapena ayi zamoyo zonse. Ulalo lachiwiri la unyolo chakudya nyama nyanja fyuluta feeders. Zamoyo, timayandama zigawo adzalandira miyeso microscopically yaing'ono (0.002-1mm). Kawirikawiri kupanga madera, koma kukula si upambana millimeters asanu. Ulalo lachitatu ndi carnivores. Iwo ankadya fyuluta feeders. Mu zikawonongeka, komanso pa nyanja, zamoyo izi ndi ambiri. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka siphonophores, Chisa odzola, modabwitsa, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Mwa nsomba zosefera feeders pazikhalanso hering'i. chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi copepods zimapezeka madzi wakumpoto wa clumps lalikulu. Amafotokozera chachinayi ankaona zimadya nsomba zazikulu. Ena mitundu phindu malonda. Kuti kugwirizana komaliza komanso pazikhalanso cephalopods, zinsomba imodzi seabirds.

kuyenda kwa chakudya

Kusamutsa mankhwala organic mu unyolo chakudya limodzi ndi awiri mphamvu. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa chakuti ambiri a iwo yaikulu pa kagayidwe lapansi. About 10% mphamvu ndi wotembenuka mu thupi la thunthu thupi. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, anchovy, kudya algae planktonic ndipo ali kapangidwe ka yochepa yekha unyolo chakudya, angathe zedi lalikulu, monga izo zimachitika mu Peru panopa. Choka chakudya mu zone madzulo ndi kuya kwa kuwala ndi chifukwa yogwira migrations ofukula za zooplankton, ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Kusunthira mmwamba ndi pansi nyama pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ali pa kuya osiyana.

Pomaliza

Izo ziyenera ananena kuti liniya chakudya unyolo n'zochepa kwambiri. Mu mapiramidi kwambiri zachilengedwe monga anthu otsata milingo angapo. The mtundu womwewo akhoza kudyedwa ndi zomera ndi nyama; carnivores ndi ogula akhoza umaperekedwa ndi woyamba ndi wachiwiri ndi malamulo apamwamba; nyama zambiri kunyeketsa amoyo ndi zamoyo akufa. Chifukwa zovuta mgwirizano kugwirizana, imfa ya mtundu uliwonse zambiri pafupifupi ziribe mphamvu pa chikhalidwe topezeka. zamoyo amene anatenga kugwirizana woterowu chakudya mwina kupeza gwero lina la chakudya ndi chakudya mbisoweka Ngopambana anayamba ntchito zamoyo zina. Choncho dera lonse amasunga muyezo. Khola adzakhala dongosolo zachilengedwe zimene pali zovuta zambiri chakudya unyolo, wopangidwa mwa ambiri maulalo, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.