Binders: katundu, gulu, maonekedwe, ntchito

Binders amadziwika ntchito zawo lonse mu zomangamanga ntchito yokonza konkire ndi matope ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi nyumba zina. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya iwo, ndipo lero ife mwachidule kukhudza waukulu subgroups alipo.

Gawo binders

Malinga anachokera iwo zikugwirizana ndi gulu organic kapena zochita kupanga. Woyamba limabweretsa asphalts zosiyanasiyana, tars, pitches ndi tars. Munda waukulu wa ntchito - zotsimikizira chophimba denga sipangakhalenso youmba kapena chidutswa mtundu, ndipo zosiyanasiyana asphaltic zipangizo konkire umboni. Waukulu chosiyana khalidwe lawo - hydrophobicity, mwachitsanzo luso iodzafewa ndipo kutenga boma opaleshoni pa Kutentha kapena kukhudzana ndi madzi aliyense organic.

Chachiwiri gulu - astringents zochita kupanga - imakhala ya laimu, pulasitala ndi simenti. Iwo onse akufunika m'kati kuphika zosiyanasiyana konkire ndi mortars. Maonekedwe binders zochita kupanga anapereka mphero pansi zakuthupi ndi chuma cha kuyanjana ndi madzi mu ndondomeko kukhota mu misa madzi-pulasitiki mtanda ngati, kuumitsa kupanga mwala cholimba.

Khalidwe iwo

The katundu chachikulu cha zochita kupanga binders chiyambi - hydrophilicity, plasticity ndi madzi ndipo mogwirizana ndi amatha boma olimba a doughy semiliquid. Ndi Ichi ndi chosiyana kuchokera gulu loyamba.

Mwa njira kuumitsa ndi binders zochita kupanga angaone mpweya, hayidiroliki, acid ndi autoclaved. Izo zimatengera mphamvu ya kugawikana kwa kauntala yaitali ndi zinthu zachilengedwe nyengo.

Air binders musaumitse, zimavuta ndi madzi ndi kupanga thanthwe lolimba, tingakhale mu chikhalidwe ichi mu mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma ngati mankhwala ndi zomangamanga anapanga ndi ntchito zawo, nkhani ndi moisturizing zonse, mphamvu adzataika msanga. Nyumba ndi maofesi a mtundu mosavuta atengeke kuwonongeka.

Kodi m'gulu limeneli? Izi mwamwambo monga gypsum magnesian astringents - dongo, laimu mpweya. Ngati tiyang'ana pa mipweya awo, lonse Gulu Zikatero, akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu zinayi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti binders onse mpweya mwina laimu (zochokera okusayidi kashiamu) kapena magnesia (kuphatikizapo anthu caustic magnesite) kapena gypsum binder anakhazikitsa zochokera kashiamu sulphate mwina madzi galasi - silicate wa potaziyamu kapena sodium, maonekedwe a njira amadzimadzi.

Pitani ku zipangizo "amadzimadzi"

Tsopano tiyeni tiyang'ane pa gulu lina - binders hayidiroliki. Iwo amakhala ouma, ndipo sadzadwalanso kukhala mphamvu makhalidwe chilengedwe, osati mpweya komanso madzi. Mipweya ya zawo m'malo ovuta akuimira osakaniza oxides zosiyanasiyana.

Onse gulu lalikulu, nayenso akhoza kugawidwa chiyambi silicate simenti mu zikuchokera zomwe pafupifupi 75% ya silicates kashiamu (makamaka akulankhula za Portland simenti ndi mitundu yake, gulu ndipamene maziko a osiyanasiyana zipangizo zamakono nyumba) ndi subgroup wina - kupanga aluminate zochokera kashiamu aluminate (oimira wotchuka - mitundu yonse ya simenti aluminiyamu). Gulu lachitatu akutchulidwa romantsement ndi laimu hayidiroliki.

Kodi binders amatchedwa asidi zosagwira? Izi - Acid khwatsi simenti pano mu mawonekedwe a chisakanizo cha khwatsi mchenga mphero pansi pakachitsulo. Anatseka osakaniza zoterezi amadzimadzi njira ya sodium wochuluka silicate kapena potaziyamu.

Mbali khalidwe la gulu la wothandizira asidi-amamanga ndi luso lawo, pambuyo kudutsa siteji koyamba za kuumitsa mu mlengalenga motalika kokwanira kutsutsa chikoka aukali zidulo osiyana.

Organics zomangamanga

Ena ambiri subgroup - organic binders (wopangidwa, monga tanenera kale, makamaka mitundu ya phula ndi zipangizo bituminous) ali ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana. Phula omwewo angakhale kupanga kapena zachilengedwe chiyambi. Mu zikuchokera ndi wosanganiza ndi phula mu mawonekedwe a mchere, miyala, kapena sandstone.

Mu zomangamanga phula ankagwiritsa ntchito mu msewu nyumba yomanga ndi airfields monga osakaniza mchenga, miyala kapena kum'pondereza mwala ndi phula. The zikuchokera chomwecho ndi phula ntchito monga kumatira a.

phula ndi chiyani? Izi - organic (kaya achilengedwe kapena yokumba), imene dongosolo - apamwamba chimasanduka kapena ofanana nawo awo okhala asafe, mpweya ndi sulfure. Kuchuluka kwa phula ndi lonse ndi ranges ku msewu ndi nyumba yomanga ku makampani ogulitsa mankhwala ndi makampani utoto.

Ndi tars kumvetsa binders organic mu zikuchokera omwe - onunkhira mkulu-maselo chakudya ndi ena ofanana zace - sulfuric, acid ndi asafe.

makhalidwe awo zothandiza

zofunika zazikulu zimene ulipo magulu organic wa binders MUKACHULUKIDWE ndi digiri okwanira kukhuthala panthawi ya zimavuta ndi pamwamba olimba umene ungampange kuwonetseredwa mkulu kutetezedwa katundu ndi wetting kupanga mafilimu madzi zosagwira. China chofunika - kukhoza kukhala ndi khalidwe la deta pa nthawiyo.

binders izi kupeza ntchito pokonza misewu yake ndi m'misewu, iwo kuphimba ndege ndi misewu, kukonza msewu ndi simenti mu zapansi za nyumba ndi ntchito mafakitale.

Tsopano tiyeni tione Mitundu ya zomangira za thupi magulu awiri kutchulidwa. Kumbukiraninso - gulu zochita kupanga makamaka ogaŵikana amene kuumitsa mu mlengalenga, ndipo iwo amene ali okhoza kuchita izo mu sing'anga amadzimadzi.

Astringents - zomangira

Ndi odziwika bwino dongo ambiri a binders, kuumitsa mu mlengalenga. Iwo wapeza ntchito kwake pomanga zosiyanasiyana nyumba. Bwaloli chitayiko dongo, akewo chisakanizo cha fumbi la tosaoneka kukula ndi mchenga ndi dongo labwino inclusions. Zazing'ono anthuwo amatchedwa chabwino. Timatha kupezeka anakumana mu malo lonyowa kuwasandutsa chinthu mtanda ngati. Vysohnuv, ichi misa pulasitiki mosavuta solidifies mu mawonekedwe anakonzeratu izo.

Ngati mufuna kuti kuwotcha, chifukwa mwala yokumba ali ndi mphamvu mokwanira mkulu. Monga binders ena mchere, chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana dongo angakhale zosiyanasiyana mithunzi. Kuyambira njira pamlingo anamuyika awo fireplaces ndi masitovu, komanso njerwa kuumbidwa. Iwo akhoza kukhala othina, aliwonse ndi pafupifupi. Clay ali refractory fireclay-khalidwe Koma chofunika kwambiri pa chipangizo cha fireplaces ndi masitovu.

laimu Kodi

Wina bwino kudziwika ndi ali ndi kuchuluka lonse ntchito binder otchedwa aeronautical yomanga laimu ndipo analandira kuchokera miyala ndicho choko, dolomite, anajambulapo ndi laimu. The okusayidi waukulu angakhale osiyana, malingana ndi mpweya wa laimu akhoza kugawidwa mu dolomite, magnesian, calcium. mitundu yonse atatu ali, akupsya chiyambi ng'anjo ya laimu lolingana.

Air kungakhale laimu kapena quicklime kapena slaked (kapena hydrate). inawo aumbike pa wina blanking atatu pamwamba.

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa alipo laimu kagulu kamene, inu mukhoza kutenga izo kwa Komkova kapena ufa. Quicklime ndi mokwanira lalikulu apezeka porous. Pa othetsa ndi madzi aumbike kwa laimu putty. Mu kuti ' "kuchokera Komkova laimu ufa, ayenera kubala ndondomeko hydration (lakhala), kapena pogaya apezeka. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga zina, ndipo popanda iwo. Zina komanso kutumikira monga slag, mchere yogwira chiyambi khwatsi mchenga.

Onse adaponyamo ndi

Nkhani - pulasitala, amatchedwanso gypsum. Chifukwa amapangidwa ndi kuchitira thermally wosweka gypsum. Gypsum solidifies kudutsa atatu wapakatikati gawo wopangidwa mwa izo, kenako kuvunda kenako kolloidatsiey crystallization. Popereka gawo loyamba yothetsera zimalimbikitsa wa dihydrate gypsum. Kuumitsa, izo zambiri ndipo yosalala woyera pamwamba.

Kugwiritsa ntchito inki awapatse nkhani ya aliyense gypsum mtundu chosungunula. Kolowera ndondomeko ya binder ndi zambiri akuyamba pambuyo pa nyengo ya mphindi 4 kuyambira ayendetsa. Kutha kwa solidification chikuchitika mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera Mphindi 6 mpaka 30 pambuyo pake.

Mu ndondomeko ya kuchiritsa osakaniza gypsum ndi madzi mix nkhosa izo ndikoletsedwa pofuna kupewa ngozi ya imfa ya makhalidwe kumangako. gypsum zopangidwa pali ambiri, iwo amaimira manambala osiyanasiyana, amakhala mlingo wa mphamvu compressive.

Iwo chogulitsidwa mmatumba mu matumba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gypsum ntchito Ambiri mkati mwa nyumba ndi nyumba anthu. Kuchokera kwa nthawi yaitali kuumba zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe lopotana. Pitirizani ayenera kukhala yekha mu chipinda youma, ndi moyo zochepa alumali chifukwa imfa zotheka mphamvu monga zothandiza khalidwe lalikulu.

Ndipo zambiri za osewera a

Kumanga pulasitala amaoneka ngati mtundu ufa kuchokera imvi zoyera yowala. Ngati kusakaniza ndi madzi, anachita khalidwe akuyamba, osakaniza ndi mkangano. gypsum watengedwera kuwonjezera zipangizo wapadera, amatchedwa zothandizira posungira, cholinga chimene - kusintha kugwirizana ndi nsinga pa kupaka pulasitala ndi pang'ono zokulitsa nthawi ya oipa.

Kuonjezera zochuluka popanda imfa ya katundu, ndi kutumikiridwa fillers (mwachitsanzo, kukodzedwa perlite, kapena Mica). Special mkulu-mphamvu gypsum ndi calcined pa kutentha mu galasi madzi atachotsedwa izo. mawu ake oipa kuchuluka kwa maola 20, ndi kuuma ndi apamwamba kuposa mitundu ina.

Pulasitala impregnated kupereka nsangalabwi (wowala woyera, pang'onopang'ono kuumitsa ndi ntchito kupaka pulasitala kali mkati), ndi kupanga zosiyanasiyana anadzetsa izo fillers ndi posungira othandiza. Mfundo yaikulu ya ambiri zina izi - kutumikira monga retarder a. Pofuna kupanga plasters ake mkati anakonza mu makina pulasitala ndi Kuwonjezera mwina fillers ena, monga mchenga.

Kwa izo izi analandira drywall kapena nyumba pulasitala matabwa, gypsum komanso ntchito kudzaza mfundo pakati pawo. Nthawi zambiri gypsum putty ndi katundu zofanana.

Kukamba za kupanga

katundu Kodi ena binders hayidiroliki? The ndondomeko ya oipa, yomwe inayamba mu mlengalenga, chimafika mu madzi, mphamvu zawo ndi anapitiriza ndipo ngakhale kuwonjezeka. Chitsanzo ndi odziwika bwino kwambiri oimira banja la binders hayidiroliki N'zoona, kupanga. Iwo zimalembedwa modalira mphamvu ndi mtundu wa nyemba makamaka anatsimikiza ndi kukhazikitsa katundu malire pa kupinda ndi psinjika. Komanso, aliyense wa zitsanzo za amene ayenera kukhala mu chiwerengero analandira simenti ndi mchenga zachitika ndi zina mayeso nyengo ndi masiku 28.

Liwiro atakhala simenti, nawonso kukhala osiyana - pang'onopang'ono, labwinobwino kapena kudya. Mofananamo, malingana ndi mlingo wa oipa akhoza kukhala wamba simenti, mkulu-oyambirira kapena owonjezera kudya atakhala.

Mwachitsanzo, gulu angatchedwe Portland simenti, imene ilipo ngati chabwino ufa imvi ndi pang'ono Kamaoneka kulocha kwa oyamba zotheka zina, amene akhoza slag granulated (slag).

About kuumitsa mlingo

khalidwe la binders mayeso (ndi kupanga) imachitika mogwirizana ndi mfundo zambiri. Pakuti aliyense wa magulu alipo cholinga malire anatsimikiza ndi malangizo atakhala chiyambi ndi mapeto, kuwerenga kuchokera pamene wosakanizira madzi.

simenti wina - Aluminous - amatanthauza mwamsanga-kuumitsa binder hayidiroliki. Polingalira za ufa wabwino uwu wa bulauni, imvi, Kamaoneka kapena wakuda (malingana ndi njira processing ndi mbali poyambira). Malinga fineness ziri pang'ono kuposa simenti Portland ndipo amafuna buku penapake lalikulu la madzi.

Mitundu yambiri ankapita binders - amene akhoza musaumitse ndi mu mlengalenga, ndi sing'anga amadzimadzi ndi ntchito yopanga yowona sanali analimbitsa kapena matope.

Phula ndi ukulu wawo

Koma binders wotchuka organic, banja lawo kumaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana phula ndi phula, ndi mitundu kuyambira wakuda ndi woderapo. m'dera Traditional imene binders amenewa ntchito, - ntchito kumatira. Izi chuma kumanga ndi madzi kugonjetsedwa, madzi, kugonjetsedwa weathering ndi zotanuka kwambiri. Iodzafewa ndipo kusamutsa kuti boma madzi a gulu akhoza kukhala binders magetsi. Ndi kucheperachepera kutentha, kukhuthala ukuwonjezeka ndi awo akhoza kwathunthu anataya.

gulu makamaka tichipeza bitumens chiyambi zachilengedwe, ndipo analandira mwa mafuta kuyenga. mipweya awo - pawiri mamolekyulu mpweya, wa hydrogen, sulfure ndi asafe. Pomanga kufunika mafuta phula (madzi, olimba ndi theka-olimba).

Malinga ndi cholinga awo monga iwo akhoza zimachitika kwa limodzi la magulu atatu - denga, kumanga kapena msewu. Kuyambira denga okonzeka impregnating zikuchokera denga zakuthupi ndi kutulutsa zambiri mastics osiyana.

Industrial phula olimba ndi elastically durum kubala mkulu-zingalowe kuyenga njira ndi njira zina, limene mafuta zithupsa pa kutentha. Makamaka kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira amaonedwa masiyanidwe oxidised. Palinso zosakaniza phula ndi ma polima kulimbikitsa digiri ya kukhuthala. Mbali khalidwe la onse ndi mphamvu yosintha kugwirizana, malingana ndi kutentha, ndi mbali zosiyana Njira mobwerezabwereza. Bukuli lili ndi katundu zomatira wa m'banja la binders bituminous.

Kodi iwo ali wapatali

Kukula chiŵerengero phula pansi kukhudzana mkulu kutentha poyerekeza ndi nkhani mchere ndi nthawi 20-30 wamkulu. Wapatali khalidwe lawo - madzi kukana, kukana kuti salt, alkalis, zidulo ndi effluents zikuwononga. Chitsanzo akhoza kukhala mchere, amene owazidwa m'misewu mu chisanu yozizira kusungunula.

Yafupika kukana bitumens solvents organic, mafuta ndi mafuta, kwa kuwala, kutentha, mpweya mlengalenga, zomwe oxidize mbali ya chigawo. Pamene usavutike, particles zofewa asanduke nthunzi, ndi pamwamba ikamauma phula.

Ubwino wa flammability otsika, mwachitsanzo nkhani sikuli kwa flammable. Mafuta asphalts si zoipa thanzi ndipo si wachinsinsi monga. Mwa zina, mukhoza kulankhula za thermoviscous, kutchinjiriza mkulu, chabwino wetting.

Kuuma phula kukhazikitsa akuya malowedwe a singano kumizidwa iwo (kuti amayezedwa hundredths wa millimeter a) ndi katundu dekhetsa wa nthawi ina kutentha makamaka. Kusintha pakati pa boma olimba ndi madzi pa iwo kutsetsereka ndipo watsimikiza ndi olimbikitsa mfundo otsika kutentha. Komanso, yodziwika ndi otchedwa kulephera kufika - mawu kutanthauza kutentha pa zimene phula wosanjikiza bendable ming'alu kapena yopuma.

zipangizo zina

binders chiyambi organic zimene ena angatchedwe? Carbonaceous pekami akuimira viscous kapena olimba wakuda chinthu ndi kutumikira mankhwala distillation wa phula impregnated denga. Nkhanizi ndi woopsa kwambiri ndipo anakumana ndi khungu zingachititse amayaka. Ntchito yabwino ndi izo mitambo masiku kapena kuwala otsika.

Malasha phula ndi mankhwala anamasulidwa monga chochokera kwa kupanga coke. Iye anapeza ntchito yake kupanga utomoni wonunkhira kwa denga ndipo kumanga msewu.