Banja mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a European: zitsanzo, zinenero, makamaka

M'mayiko a European nthambi ya zinenero ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu kwambiri Eurasian mabanja chinenero. Iwo yafalikira zaka 5 lomaliza North ndi South America, Australia ndi zigawo Africa. zinenero kuti m'mayiko a European M'badwo wa Apeza wotanganidwa m'dera la East Turkistan, limene lili kum'mawa, kumadzulo kwa Ireland, ku India kum'mwera kumpoto kwa Scandinavia. Anthu a m'banja kumaphatikizapo pafupifupi 140 zinenero. Palimodzi iwo akulankhulidwa 2 biliyoni anthu (2007 Chiyerekezo). English akutenga malo otsogolera pakati pa iwo, chiwerengero cha zonyamulira.

Mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mu poyerekeza-mbiri zilankhulo

Mu chitukuko cha poyerekeza mbiri linvistiki yofunika kwambiri kuti kuphunzira Baibulo ndi a zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. chakuti mabanja awo anali mmodzi wa asayansi woyamba amene apeza ndi mozama kwambiri zosatha. Monga ulamuliro, mu sayansi mabanja ena anatsimikiza, kuika mwachindunji kapena ayi pa luso limene tingaphunzire phunziro panali zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Njira chitsanzo m'zinenero

Zilankhulo angayerekezedwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana. The kufanizitsa ndi imodzi mwa ambiri a iwo. Izi mitundu kuphunzira zochitika zinenero zosiyanasiyana, komanso kudziwika pa maziko a malamulo onse ndipo kulibe mbali zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, njira imeneyi sangakhale osiyana. M'mawu ena, ntchito sangathe zinenero mawu a anachokera. Udindo waukulu maphunziro poyerekeza lidayenera lingaliro zimakhalira, komanso njira pochimanga.

Majini gulu la zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya

Ndi analogue a kwachilengedwenso amene zigwire osiyanasiyana gulu. Zikomo kwa iye, tikhoza bungwe zinenero zosiyanasiyana, limene pali zikwi zisanu. Kupeza dongosolo, ife tikhoza kusintha zonse zoikika izi ndi ochepa mabanja chinenero. Chifukwa zotsatira majini gulu makamaka osati kwa zilankhulo, komanso kwa chiwerengero cha khalidwe zina. Ndi ofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa ethnography monga zikamera ndi kukula kwa zinenero zosiyanasiyana zikugwirizana kwambiri ethnogenesis (zikamera ndi kukula kwa mafuko).

Banja mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a European zikusonyeza kuti kusiyana pakati pa iwo kumatheka pa nthawi. Izi zikhoza anasonyeza bwino kuti mtunda therebetween ukuwonjezeka, amene anayeza monga kutalika kwa nthambi za mtengo kapena mivi.

Nthambi ya banja m'mayiko a ku Ulaya

Banja mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a European ali nthambi zambiri. Mmenemo kuoneka ngati gulu ndi ongokhala chinenero chimodzi. Apa iwo ali. Izi Modern Greek, zinenero m'mayiko a aku Iran, Zogona (kuphatikizapo Latin), Roman, Acelt, Germany, Asilavo, Baltic, Albania, Chiameniya, Anatolia (Mhiti-Lubian) ndi Tocharian. Izi zikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera angapo zinatha, amene amadziwika kwa ife zinthu zochepa, makamaka pa gloss ochepa, zolemba ndi maina malo antroponimii Byzantine ndi Greek olemba. Izi Thracian, Fulugiya, messapsky, Illyrian, drevnemakedonsky, zinenero Venetic. Iwo sangakhoze motsimikiza chifukwa cha munthu mmodzi kapena gulu (nthambi). Mwina iwo ayenera allocated mu magulu palokha (nthambi), mlandu mibadwo mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Asayansi agawanika pa nkhani imeneyi.

Kumene, panali ena kuposa tazitchula pamwambapa ndi zinenero zina m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. likuwayenera zinali zosiyana. Ena a iwo zinatha kwathunthu, ena asiya kuda ochepa lotanthauzira mawu a gawo lapansi ndi toponomastike. Anayesera kuti achire m'zinenero pafupifupi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya mayendedwe osauka awa. The zojambulidwa wotchuka wa mtundu uwu monga chinenero Cimmerian. Iye akuti anasiya kuda mu Baltic ndi Asilavo. Komanso chidwi ndi Pelagie, chonenedwa ndi anthu chisanadze Greek la Greece.

Chipijini

Pa kukula kwa zinenero zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko a ku Ulaya amene zinachitika pa zaka za m'ma watha, mu Romanesque ndi German inakhazikitsidwa zochokera ambiri atsopano - Chipijini. Iwo yodziwika ndi ukasintha chidule dictionary (1.5 TH. Mawu kapena zochepa) ndipo galamala chosavuta. Kenako, ena mwa iwo creolized, ndi ena apamwamba kalasi azitsulo zinchito ndi grammatically. Awa Bislama, Chitoku Pisin, Chikiliyo ku Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea ndi Gambia; seshelva mu Seychelles; Mauritius, ndi ku Haiti Réunionnaise neri Al.

Mwachitsanzo, kufotokoza mwachidule za banja awiri a m'mayiko a European m'zinenero. The oyamba - Chitajiki.

Chitajiki

Adzaupereka kwa banja m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, ku nthambi m'mayiko a aku Iran ndi gulu aku Iran. Iye ndi boma Tajikistan, ambiri ku Central Asia. Pamodzi ndi chinenero Dari mabuku Zining'a Tajiks ndi Afghanistan, limakhudza zoni kum'mawa Chatsopano Persian chilankhulo popitilira. chilankhulo tinganene kuti ngati zosinthika ya Persian (kumpoto). Komabe n'zotheka kumvetsa pakati pa anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito chinenero Chitajiki, ndi Persian olankhula okhala Iran.

Ossetian

Adzaupereka kwa zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya nthambi m'mayiko a aku Iran wa gulu aku Iran ndi kum'mawa subgroup. chilankhulo Ossetian ndi wofala South ndi North Ossetia. Chiwerengero cha okamba ndi mozungulira 450-500 zikwi. Man. Panali kuda ojambula wakale ndi Asilavo, Turkey ndi Finno-Ugric. chilankhulo Ossetian ali m'zilembo awiri: Iron ndi Digor.

Kugwa kwa lilime m'munsi

Palibe pasanafike wachinayi Zakachikwi BC. e. panali kugwa umodzi maziko a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. chochitika Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zikamera ya anthu ambiri atsopano. Mophiphiritsa, mbewu anayamba kukula mibadwo mtengo wa zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Palibe kukayika kuti chinenero Mhiti-Luwian anapambulwa choyamba. Nthawi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka Tocharian nthambi ya maganizo kwambiri chifukwa cha wosaperewera deta.

Kuyesa kuphatikiza nthambi zosiyanasiyana

Ndi m'mayiko a European chinenero banja zikuphatikizapo nthambi zosiyanasiyana. Siyense pofuna kuphatikiza ndi mzake apangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ife hypothesize kuti Asilavo ndi Baltic zinenero kukondana kwambiri. Amaganiza ponena za Zogona ndi Acelt. Anthu ambiri anazindikira amaona kuti mgwirizano wa zinenero aku Iran ndi m'mayiko a Aryan, ndi Nuristani ndi Dard mu nthambi m'mayiko a aku Iran. Nthawi zina, ngakhale anakwanitsa kubwezeretsa khalidwe Proto m'mayiko a aku Iran mitunduyi mawu.

Amadziwika kuti Asilavo a banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Komabe ndendende anatsimikiza kapena kuonetsetsa zinenero zawo nthambi zosiyana. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi anthu Baltic. Balto-Asilavo umodzi amachititsa zambiri mikangano mu ubale monga banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. anthu sangathe mosapita m'mbali zimachitika nthambi makamaka.

Koma malingaliro ena, iwo onse anakana mu sayansi yamakono. zinthu zosiyanasiyana akhoza kupanga maziko a gulu la dziwe lalikulu ngati banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Anthu ndi chonyamulira cha ena a zinenero achuluka. Choncho, m'kagulu si yapafupi. Redprinyaty akhala akuyesetsa zosiyanasiyana kuti akonze dongosolo coherent. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi zotsatira za m'mayiko a ku Ulaya consonant velar zilankhulo zonse za gulu anagawidwa Centum ndi satem. mayanjano amenewa ali ndi mayina pa chinyezimiro cha mawu "zana". M'zinenero satemnyh phokoso koyamba kwa mawu chitumbuwa zimaonekera mu mawonekedwe a "shi", "c", ndi zina zotero. N. Monga kentumnyh, kuti amakhala ndi "×", "ndi" ndi zina zotero. N.

comparativists loyamba

Zikamera wa yoyenera poyerekeza zilankhulo mbiri amatanthauza kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19 ndipo amagwirizana ndi dzina la Franz Bopp. Ntchito yake, iye loyamba anali ubale sayansi zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Choyamba comparativists dziko anali Germany. Iwo F. Bopp, J. Zeiss, J. Grimm ndi ena. Iwo choyamba anafotokoza mfundo yakuti Chisansikiriti (wakale chinenero Indian) ndi ofanana kwambiri German. Zinasonyeza kuti ena aku Iran, Indian ndi European m'zinenero ali ndi magwero ofanana. Ndiye, ofufuza ophatikizana mu "m'mayiko a ku Germany" banja. Patapita kanthawi izo Anapeza kuti kumanganso Proto ndi yofunika kwambiri ngati Asilavo ndi Baltic. Choncho, latsopano akuti - ndi "zilankhulo m'mayiko a ku Ulaya."

Mtengo wa Avgusta Shleyhera

August Schleicher (chithunzi pamwamba limasonyeza kuti) pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, mwachidule zomwe comparativists akalambula. Iye anafotokoza lililonse subgroup wa banja m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, makamaka chikhalidwe chake pristine. Wasayansi adafotokoza ntchito mfundo za proto chinenero kukhazikitsanso wamba. Kulondola kwa kukhazikitsanso yake, sanakayike. Schleicher ngakhale analemba lemba pa chinenero Proto-m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, kulengedwanso iwo. nthano izi "Nkhosa ndi akavalo."

zilankhulo poyerekeza anapanga chifukwa cha maphunziro osiyanasiyana okhudzana zilankhulo, komanso njira processing kutsimikizira kuyandikana awo ndi kukhazikitsanso boma gwero prayazykovogo. August Schleicher ndiye ndi ndondomeko zojambula za chitukuko cha mtengo banja. M'mayiko a European gulu la zilankhulo limapezeka pa nthawi yomweyo mu mawonekedwe zotsatirazi: mbiya - ndi chinenero kholo, gulu la zilankhulo ofanana ndinu nthambi. Banja mtengo anali fano bwino ubale kutali ndi pafupi. Komanso, anasonyeza pamaso pa yogwirizana ambiri Proto (Baltic-Asilavo - makolo Baltic ndi Asilavo, German ndipo Asilavo - makolo Baltic, Germany ndi Asilavo, etc ...).

Akatswiri ofufuza Quentin Atkinson

Posachedwapa, gulu lonse la akatswiri ndi akatswiri a zinenero anapeza kuti gulu la zinenero m'mayiko a European linachokera ku Anatolia (Turkey).

Zinali iye amene maganizo awo, ndi malo a gulu limeneli. Research kutsogoleredwa ndi Quentin Atkinson, ndi zamoyo ili ku University New Zealand ya Auckland. Asayansi kudziwa njira zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko a European m'zinenero, omwe ntchito kuphunzira zamoyo za mitundu. Iwo afufuza katundu yense wa zinenero mawu 103. Komanso, iwo anafufuza deta pa chitukuko mbiri ndi kugawa malo a dziko. Pa mfundo imeneyi, ofufuza anapanga mfundo imeneyi.

Kuphunzira cognates

Kodi asayansi awa anaphunzira gulu la banja chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya? Iwo ankaona cognates. Izi zili chimodzimodzi ndi tsinde la mawu, lomwe ndi phokoso ofanana ndi magwero ofanana mu zilankhulo ziwiri kapena zambiri. Iwo amakhala mawu amene zochepa poyera kuti kusintha mu njira ya kusanduka (kusonyeza banja, mayina a ziwalo ndi mawu). Asayansi poyerekeza chiwerengero cha cognates m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Pa mfundo imeneyi, anaganiza kukula kwa ubwenzi wawo. Choncho, cognates anali akuyerekezedwa ndi majini, ndipo masinthidwe - kusiyana cognates.

Kugwiritsa ntchito deta mbiri ndi deta malo osiyanasiyana

Asayansi ndiye anadza kwa deta mbiri pa nthawi imene ankaimbidwa anavala zinenero divergence. Mwachitsanzo, akuti mu chaka 270 kuchokera Latin anayamba kupatula Romance zinenero. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi, Mfumu Aurelian anaganiza kuti mupewe m'chigawo cha Dacia Roma ankalamulira. Komanso ofufuza ntchito deta pa apano yogawa Hrs a zinenero zosiyanasiyana.

zotsatira za kafukufukuyu

Atasankha mudziwe analandira unakhazikitsidwa mtengo zamoyo zinachita zochokera zotsatirazi malingaliro awiri: Barrow ndi Anatolia. Akatswiri poyerekeza mtengo awiri chifukwa, anapeza kuti "Anatolia" mawu ziwerengero ndi mwina kwambiri.

anzake osokoneza kwambiri anali zimachitika kuti zotsatira akamagwira gulu la Atkinson. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti tikayerekezera ndi zamoyo zamoyo chinenero zosavomerezeka, chifukwa iwo ali ndi njira zosiyana. Komabe, asayansi ena tapeza wolungama ntchito maluso amenewa. Komabe, gulu atadzudzulidwa mfundo yakuti iye anali kufufuzidwa ndi kungoganizira lachitatu, Balkan.

Tikumbukenso kuti tsiku, ndi kungoganizira chachikulu cha magwero a zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku Anatolia ndi chitunda. Malinga woyamba, wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa olemba mbiri ndi akatswiri a zinenero, ndi makolo kunyumba ya iwo - Black Sea steppes. malingaliro ena, Anatolia ndi Balkan amati zinenero m'mayiko a European kufalitsa kwa Anatolia (m'nkhani yoyamba) kapena Balkan Peninsula (lachiwiri).