Athena Parthenos: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Heritage anthu wateteza ntchito zazikulu za luso. Ambiri katswiri kamangidwe, zojambula, ntchito mabuku komanso nyimbo akadali ooneka anthu lero. Mukhoza kuona mmene zisudzo, m'mamyuziyamu, zopereka payekha. Ena mwa chuma cha mtundu adakali pansi kapena yokutidwa mu nyumba ndi nyumba.

Koma likukhalira, mbiri ya ntchito wotchuka amene munayamba mwawona. anthu ambiri kuphunzira za iwo ku ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, Athena Parthenos anadziwika kokha kupyolera makope ndi mafotokozedwe. Pa nthawi, palibe ziboliboli chenicheni. Koma pofotokoza kukongola akadali amasunga ntchito ndi Phidias mu chikumbukiro anthu amakono.

Polemekeza wina?

N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza amene ankanena Phidias. Athena Parthenos - ndi chimake cha lomwelo wamkazi wakale Greek, chimene adachipasula kale anali wotchuka chifukwa cha nzeru zake ndi nzeru. Athena anali kwambiri akulemekezedwa mulungu wamkazi wa ku Girisi. Iye anali mmodzi wa akuluakulu wamkulu wa Olympus. Kuwonjezera kuti ankatchedwa wamkazi wa nkhondo, Athena wakhala zikutanthauza kuti imapha nzeru, luso, ntchito zamanja, komanso amatchedwa patroness la mizinda ndi mayiko.

Kodi kuoneka?

Musanayambe ndikudziwa iwo anali fano la Athena Parthenos ayenera kuonekera kwa ife amati wake weniweni. Mwina anthu ambiri khalidwe kwambiri limaonetseratu za ku Girisi. Kuti imatengedwa kwambiri odabwitsa komanso losaiwalika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti amene akufotokozedwa Athena, iye ali nthawizonse mu dzikolo mwamuna makhalidwe: zida, zida ndi chishango. Komanso pafupi ndi Atemi inu nthawi zonse zindikirani nyama yopatulika.

Nthawi zambiri Athena - chilungamo tsitsi mkazi, ndipo sulfide. Homer Kodi amaona kuti "sovookoy". Mwina chitsanzo ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti yotsatira akhoza zambiri onani kadzidzi, chizindikiro cha nzeru. Zilibe kanthu komwe tikuuzidwa Athena, kapena ndakatulo, kaya mu prose, kaya pa nsalu, opanga nthawizonse akuyesera kuti asonyeze maso ake aakulu.

Zikuluzikulu za umunthu wa Sitimayo inagunda Zatsala chisoti kuti anali lokwera mkulu, ndi Aegis, kapena chikopa, chokongoletsedwa ndi mutu wa Medusa ndi Gorgon. Komanso pafupi, makamaka m'zithunzi, mukhoza kuona mtengo wa maolivi umene ankaona mtengo wopatulika, ndi kadzidzi ndi njoka - chizindikiro cha nzeru awiri. Athens mobwerezabwereza anakumana ndi Nike - wamkazi mapiko.

Mlembi

Anthu ambiri amalota kupulumutsa fano la "Athena Parthenos" mu mbiri ya anthu. Ziboliboli Phidias nthawi zonse wakhala mlengi wa wamkazi wamkulu mu malingaliro a anthu. Mlengi anakhala ndi moyo zaka 400 Khristu asanabwere. Iye anali bwenzi la Pericles, ndipo ankaona zojambulajambula kwambiri kwa nyengo ya zapamwamba lalikulu.

Mu ntchito yake lalifupi, iye walenga kuchuluka yaikulu ntchito. khalidwe lawo lenileni linali zonse Athena. Kuwonjezera amene woyenera kenaka Parthenon, anali chosema wa mulungu pa Aatene Acropolis. Phidias iye analengedwa mu ulemu wa chigonjetso Aperisi. Zinali yaikulu ndipo anali chabwino kwambiri kwa amalinyero.

Lemnian Athena nayenso sanapulumuke masiku ano, koma ndikudziwa za izo kuyamika otetezeka. Fano ili analengedwa mwachindunji kwa anthu a chilumba cha Lemnos, choncho dzina. Tikudziwanso zambiri za ziboliboli awiri, chosonyeza mulungu wamkazi wa nkhondo. Wina anali pa Plataea, ndi ena ku Akaya.

Phidias Mlembi wa m'gulu la zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko wakale. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chosema Zeu ku Olympia. Fano ili anali yekhayo amene anali pa kumtunda kwa Europe. Linapangidwa wa nsangalabwi, ndipo ndi lalikulu kuposa mpingo uliwonse pa nthawi imeneyo.

chosema

Monga amadziwika, ndi chosema wa Athena Parthenos anali mu Parthenon. Kachisi ameneyu anamumanga ngati kunyumba kwa mulungu wamkazi wa pakati pa zaka 447 ndi 432 BC. Fano chinali minyanga ndi golide. Iwo unalengedwa kukondwerera kupambana Persian Nkhondo.

Ngakhale kuti Athena Parthenos akhala unatha, mpaka lero chizindikiro cha mzinda wamphamvu wosawoneka. Kutha kwa chosema akali wamng'ono kudziwika. mabuku a mbiri yakale kutitsogolera Constantinople, pamene, mwinamwake, fanolo anali kuwatumiza. Ndi apa kuti akhoza kuwononga ndi adani. Bwezerani maonekedwe pachiyambi amalola makope, mfundo sculptural ndi mafotokozedwe a Pausanias ndi Plutarch.

Zodula kwambiri

N'zovuta kumvetsa ngati Athena unatchedwa kachisi wa Parthenon, kapena chirichonse zinali zosiyana. Tsopano ife tikhoza kutsimikiza kuti Parthenos amatanthauza "namwali" ndi Parthenon limatanthauza "Nyumba ya Virgin."

Kachisi lokha analibe zazing'ono. Koma fano la Athena Parthenos akadali ambiri ankamuona ngati ulemerero waukulu wa nyumbayi. Nthano kuti kachisi yemwe anamangidwa kupita inkatha chosema ichi. Mwina anamanga Parthenon akudziwa kale kuti Phidias kuika zofanana ndi fano la Athena Promachos.

Malongosoledwe olondola kwambiri mwa chifaniziro anapereka Pliny. Iye anati chilengedwe chinachitika pa 12 mamita (mikono 26). minyanga ndi golide anatengedwa kupanga ake. Choyamba Phidias ntchito kulenga ziwalo za thupi la mulungu wamkazi, ndipo wotsalawo adachititsidwa zonse zopangidwa ndi golide.

Komanso anachita ndi chakuti golide mosavuta kuchotsedwa mu mwambo mavuto a zachuma. Zina zodzikongoletsera ankagwiritsa ntchito mkuwa, galasi, siliva ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa, Phidias analenga chosema, zomwe ndalama kangapo kuposa mtengo wa kachisi lonse la Parthenon.

Amadziwika kuti fano anatenga yaikulu pedestal kutalika mamita 4-8. Kufupi ndi khomo kum'mawa, ndipo ankakhala ndi mizati. Pamaso fanolo unali waukulu madzi thanki, imene tingati ndi masiku kusambira dziwe. Ankachita zimenezi pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mu holo nthawi zonse, linakhathamira ndi minyanga anali pansi pa zikhalidwe izi.

ornamentation

otchuka kwambiri ndipo pankhondo mu Phidias anatembenuka Athena Parthenos. Kufotokozera mbali momveka bwino mmene wapadera anali chosema ichi. Iwo collates zinaonekeratu kuti mu dzanja limodzi wamkazi unachitikira fano la Nike, amene poyamba anali ndi kutalika mamita 2, koma pa maziko a ukulu ziboliboli waukulu anayang'ana kakang'ono kwambiri. Dzanja linalo Athena atagwira chishango.

Iye ndi mkangano pa nthawi. Iwo anayesa kaŵirikaŵiri anakopera ndiAmene padziko lonse. Pliny ankanena kuti chishango Phidias anasonyeza nkhondo ya Theseus ndi Amazons. Komanso apa mungapeze nkhondo ya zimphona ndi milungu. Zinali pano, ndi fano la Medusa ndi Gorgon. Mwina, ndipo ngakhale ena otchulidwa chidwi.

No zochepa wokongola ndipo ankaoneka chisoti cha Athena Parthenos. Iye anali pa iye pakati pa masinfikisi ndi griffins awiri mapiko Pegasus. , Imatchedwanso kuti miyendo anali mulungu njoka. Ena amanena kuti chokwawa Phidias anaika pachifuwa pa woyang'anira woyera. njoka anapatsidwa kwa mulungu wamkazi wa Zeu. Nsapato chokongoletsedwa Centauromachy.

mfundo wosaoneka

N'zoona kuti zina zobisika chosema kungakhale mawu a m'nthawi yake pamene palibe anaona chosema? Athena Parthenos ndi zonse zinsinsi ndi zinsinsi. Pali zinadziwika kuti chishango wa mulungu Phidias anaika chithunzi cha ndipo fano la bwenzi lake Pericles. Mwina izo ophimbidwa zonse pansi Theseus ndi Daedalus.

Komanso, ambiri a m'nthawi yake ankakhulupirira kuti Phidias ankakonda anyamata. chibwenzi chake anali mnyamata Pantark, amene anakhala wopambana mu nkhondo pa masewero a Olympic. Mnyamatayo anali ziboliboli misewu kuti mawu akuti "Great Pantark" anali losema pa wina ziboliboli. Mwina pa chala cha Athena Parthenos kuzitambasula kuzindikira ichi. Ngakhale deta zodalirika palibe izi. Mwina mawu akuti anali fano la Zeus kapena chosema cha Aphrodite Urania.

ovulala

Monga tanena kale, Phidias zinathandiza kwambiri Athena mu Parthenon zoyenera wangwiro. Ngati fano la Zeus mutu anapuma ndi denga, ndipo zinkawoneka kuti ngati Thunder adzauka, Akapha nyumbayi, mulungu wamkazi anayang'ana mogwirizana danga mapulani.

chakuti Phidias mobwerezabwereza ankaperekera Iktinos, kum'manga, kwa pang'ono anachokadi dongosolo oyambirira ndi kalembedwe wa kachisi Doric. Ziboliboli amafuna danga mkati. Chifukwa, sitikuchiona 6 mizati Agiriki ndi zisanu ndi zitatu. Komanso, ili si mbali ya fano, komanso kuseri kwa icho. Athena anali ngati alembedwa chimango mapulani.

Kuwerengera

Mwamwayi, n'zovuta kudziwa za tsogolo la chilengedwe. Komanso sakudziwa kumene anamwalira chilengedwere Phidias Athena Parthenos. Nkhani ya kumayamba wake 447 BC. e., pamene ziboliboli anatumidwa ndi kuyamba ntchito. Patangotha zaka 9 kukhala unakhazikitsidwa mu kachisi.

Patapita zaka zingapo, chikuchitika nkhondo yoyamba. Phidias wogwirizira adani ndi nsanje, ndiye izo ziyenera kukhala wolungama, m'dzina la kuyeretsa chikumbumtima chawo. Komanso kuposa zaka, palibe amene anadziwa kuti asawononge fanolo. Koma mu 296 BC. e. wina wa asilikali anatenga golide ndi chosema ndi kulipira ngongole zake. Ndiye iwo anali kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi mkuwa zitsulo.

Kuposa patapita zaka Athena Parthenos kuonongeka ndi moto. Koma analephera kubwezeretsa. Mfundo zotsatirazi limapezeka kale mu 5 m'ma AD. Amadziwika kuti kamodzi moto kachisi kachiwiri adzazunzidwa cholengedwa. Mu 10 m'ma BC. e. chaluso anali mu Constantinople. Zimene zinachitika - sakudziwika.

tsoka thanthwe

Takambirana kale mwachidule otchulidwa nkhondo zimene zagwira Phidias. Ndi Athene Parthenos anakhala kwa iye nyengo yachisanu ikupita imfa. Mlengi anali bwenzi wabwino ndi mlangizi wa Pericles. Iye anamuthandiza ndi kumanganso ya Acropolis. Komanso, iye adali wodziwa. Choncho adani ndi nsanje sanathe akudutsa.

Iye ayambirira iwo pakum'nenera Iye kuba ndi golide chofunda wamkazi. Phidias pasakhale chinachake kubisala. Iwo anauzidwa kuti kuchotsa golide m'munsi ndi kulemera. Kusowa anapezeka.

Koma milandu izi idatha kulephera. Adani kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yaitali, zimene carp. Kachitsotso otsiriza mlandu chipongwe umulungu. Ambiri akudziwa kuti Phidias anayesa yekha ndi Pericles pa chishango Athena Parthenos. The ziboliboli anaponyedwa m'ndende. Ndi apa, ndipo icho chinali imfa yake. Chinthu chokha choti mbiri yakale anakhalabe chinsinsi: anamwalira ndi kuwawa kapena poizoni.

ulemerero

Zina mwa ntchito otchuka Phidias amati Athena Parthenos. Kufotokozera ndi mbiri ndi yowala kuti cholengedwa izi kudziwika kwa ife Patapita zaka zambiri. Ulemerero chosema chinapululutsa mwa chaka. About ake mobwerezabwereza analemba m'nthawi ya Phidias, ndi olemba mabuku a m'tsogolo. Amadziwika kuti ngakhale Socrates anatchula Athena kwa kumasulira lingaliro la kukongola.

Ukulu wa ntchito ndi akuti chiwerengero cha magazini amene anapulumuka lero. The ambiri molondola ndiponso momveka bwino chosema amakhalabe "Athena Varvakion". Iwo lili Museum National wa Athens. A yachiwiri ofanana buku anaikidwa yomweyo pansi pa dzina "Afina Lenorman."

Gorgon Medusa, amene anaikidwa pa thabwa, monga mobwerezabwereza liwonerere. Yotchuka kwambiri ndi buku la mutu "Medusa Rondanini". Amene ali chosema ili mu Munich Glyptotek.

Osati ojambula zithunzi poyesa kutengera chishango pachiyambi. Mmodzi wa iwo anali mu British Museum amatchedwa "Strangford Chishango." Monga amene alipo mu Louvre.

nyumba Athens

Tsopano kuchokera Parthenon pafupifupi kanthu katsalira. Ngakhale kachisi magwiridwe kale, amene, ngati chosema, ndi zonse za zinsinsi ndi zotsutsana. ofukula Greek ndi omanga kuyesetsa recreate kalembedwe mabwinja yakale yoyendera. Koma ukulu wonse ndi kukongola, kumene, kutengerapo n'zosatheka. Komabe, kumverera kuti zaka zambiri zapitazo, panali zochitika, zithumwa ndi captivates. Nkhani amatsogolera chaka kusonkhanitsa kwambiri alendo, umene agwera mu chikhalidwe cha militancy wakale.