Asatayike - ndi chiyani ichi?

Asatayike - ichi nthambi ya makampani, amene amafuna kuŵeta mankhwala yovomerezeka. Ndi kupitiriza mbiri ya mankhwala. Pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ndi njira yodalirika mankhwala kusiyana kwambiri.

Pharmacy ndi Pharmaceutics: kodi pali kusiyana?

Pharmacy wakhala kuyambira nthawi yakale, atazindikira mankhwala oyamba chopangidwa. Pakali pano, mankhwala - mwambo wa sayansi ukulu wa womwenso chilengedwe cha mankhwala, kuphunzira kudalirika kwawo, kafukufuku pa kaphatikizidwe ndi ulimi wa mankhwala, kuphunzira limagwirira cha zochita za mankhwala pa anthu ndi zina zambiri. Komanso nkhani ya kuphunzira ndi kufunafuna ndi kuyezetsa zachilengedwe mankhwala. Pharmacy chomwecho - izo ndi za mafakitale mankhwala, gawo lotsatira la chitukuko cha mankhwala kukwaniritsa zofuna za misa msika.

Asatayike mbali ya mankhwala anaonekera m'zaka za m'ma 19, pamene zinadziwika kuti njira yaitali odziwika kupanga mankhwala sangathe kupereka misa msika, ndi mankhwala zimadza artisanal chikhalidwe cha kupanga. Chifukwa cha munthu kupanga mankhwala anali mavuto kawirikawiri odwala, aliyense katswiri - "pharmacist" - anali Chinsinsi chake cha mankhwala ndi panalibe chiphunzitso ambiri ndi standardization mankhwala.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba nthawi ya standardization ndi zikamera ndi maunyolo mankhwala, gululi linayamba mu United States, pambuyo kumvetsa profitability wa chilengedwe cha msika zachipatala. Mankhwala anayamba kupangidwa ambiri itatha yoyamba mabizinezi zikuluzikulu. Choncho, asatayike - kupanga izi sayansi ya mankhwala ndi mtumiki zofuna zake zonse mafakitale zamakono.

Kodi asatayike

Masiku ano a asatayike - ndi mbali ya chidziwitso ndi chizolowezi ku zinthu za mafakitale, misa ndi mitengo ya zinthu changwiro cha mankhwala ndi zinthu. Iwo amafufuza mbali zonse za mankhwala misa limapanga. Mu yamtunduwu ake:

• Kuphunzira mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi zotsatira zawo pa thupi la munthu.
• Kuphunzira mankhwala m'nyanjazi Medicine (mlingo ndende, ndi zina zotero.).
• Mitundu ya mitundu mlingo njira ya utsogoleli yopanga ndi malonda.
• The limati thupi la zinthu mankhwala (kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi zina zotero. D.).
• Sayansi ya kuŵeta, makina ndi zipangizo mafakitale mizere zida kupanga.
• mankhwala Excipients ndi chikoka chawo pa chomaliza mankhwala ndi thupi la munthu.

chitukuko cha asatayike

makampani opanga mankhwala anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Nthawi imeneyi, panali mankhwala woyamba kumene mankhwala sanapange, koma anagulitsa. Mu kukhazikitsa mankhwala okhala anagwa. Apainiya wa mafakitale kupanga mankhwala akhala makampani awiri: kampani opangidwa amoniya Bohm ndi Pelletier - kwinini. Mwachitsanzo awo Pambuyo eni pharmacies ritelo, pa maziko amene yopanga lalikulu ananyamuka pambuyo pake.

Pamene mankhwala a zamalonda anatengerapo mwayi anazindikira kuti asatayike - n'kwabwino kwambiri, anayamba kumanga mabizinesi awo. Mu 1827, ndi pharmacist Merck anayamba kutulutsa mankhwala zochokera zosakaniza achilengedwe (morphine, kwinini ndi ena otero.), Amene zina anamutengera ku chilengedwe cha kampani inayake yaikulu. Maziko a zopangidwa ambiri odziwika mankhwala wakhala mankhwala zonse, mwachitsanzo, "Schering" (Germany) ndi "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics ndi Chemistry

Osati pharmacies okha okha ntchito imeneyi. Mankhwala mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi makampani mankhwala a. zotha ntchito mankhwala anali poyambira angapo makampani, mwachitsanzo, monga "Bayer". State malamulo a patenting mankhwala maudindo kunathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale.

wopanga aliyense angakhoze kubwera ndi dzina lanu mankhwala ndi kumugulitsa pansi mtundu wake, amene sanaletse ena kuzindikira mankhwala chomwecho pansi mayina osiyanasiyana. Wopambana malonda ndi malonda yokopa apanga mankhwala "ndi aspirin" nthawi 24 okwera mtengo kusiyana ndi aspirin umene Ndipotu, anali.

Zinachitika nkhondo pakati Prussia ndi Austria mu 1866 yotithandiza yopanga asatayike. Wotsatira nkhondo ku Europe, komanso anali kutsogolera kukula mofulumira kupanga zikuluzikulu za mankhwala okhala. Nkhondo World Ine mtsogoleri wa makampani mankhwala anali Germany, msika gawo zaka 20% ya zolowa okwana mankhwala. Kenako, utsogoleri anam'tengera ku kampani US.

asatayike Russian

Asatayike mu Russia anayamba chitukuko ndi mchitidwe kumene mavuto onse analandira osati chakudya chauzimu koma amathandizanso kuchiritsa matenda, nsonga ambiri ochiritsa. Mu 1091 ku Russia, chipatala choyamba, Mlengi anali Pereyaslav wansembe Efraimu unakhazikitsidwa. Annals imatchula mayina a asing'anga ambiri kumene kumakhala Amonke, ndipo ena a iwo ali woyenera zaka kuwalambira Mwachitsanzo, Pimen Postnik ndi Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Chitata kuwukira, ndipo mazana angapo a ukapolo anasiya chitukuko cha sayansi m'madera ambiri a mankhwala ali pafupifupi unatha. Chidwi anatsitsimuka mu banja lachifumu mu 1547, pamene ku khoti ku Europe anabweretsa akatswiri angapo.

The mankhwala choyamba anaonekera mu Moscow mu ulamuliro wa Ivan m'khutu, maudindo ogwira ntchito chinali msonkhano wa m'banja lachifumu. Anakhala maziko chilengedwe Aptekarskaya Komiti. Woyamba deta zodalirika mankhwala sanali kupulumuka. Akukhulupirira kuti inali kutsogolo kwa Chudov obisika mu boma la Russia. Ntchito yonse inali malamulo okhwima okhudza, zosakaniza ntchito mayina apadera mwaganizapo chopangidwa mankhwala aziwapatsa lolembedwa, zimene zikusonyeza zili aliyense chigawo ndipo chiwerengero ndi dzina la pharmacist amene analenga mankhwala. Buku limeneli anali mkulu Aptekarskaya Komiti pamodzi ndi mankhwala.

kusintha Petulo

Mu 1654, sukulu ya maphunziro a madotolo ndi mankhwala linali lotsegula. mankhwala Public anaonekera mu Moscow mu 1672, ndipo sanali kutali ndi Red Square, iye anapatsidwa dzina latsopano, osati kusokonezedwa ndi banja lachifumu la. Patsogolo m'dera uku kwabweletsa ndi wokonzanso waukulu Russia - Peter I. Mu 1701, malinga ndi lamulo lake, mu Moscow ndi eyiti ngati masitolo anali otseguka. Lalikulu ndi zapamwamba kwambiri mankhwala pa nthawi imeneyo ili wopha Street mu 1706. Ntchito bungwe Izi zikuphatikizapo osati mankhwala tchuthi lonse osiyanasiyana ogula, komanso mwa kundipatsako kwa mayunitsi mankhwala asilikali.

Mu 1714 Petr Veliky anakhala kusintha lotsatira of Medicine ndi anadzatchedwa kuchipatala Apothecary mu Medical Office. mabungwe atsopano olamulidwa ndi asilikali ndi zochitika zachipatala, malamulo a mankhwala. Mu zaka za m'ma 18, likulu unakhazikitsidwa pharmacies 14, ndipo anaonekera m'mizinda yambiri yaikulu.

Zipambano za mankhwala Russian

Asatayike zoweta wapanga chopereka kwambiri kuti sayansi dziko. Zimene chidwi kwambiri achita mu Medical-Zopangira Academy (St. Petersburg). Pamaziko a bungwe, Pulofesa OV Zabelin bungwe zasayansi kumene zatsopano imachitika pharmacological. Mu zinthu A. A. Sokolovskogo amalanga monga mankhwala ndi pharmaceutics anaphunzira ku University Moscow. Mphatso za chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi akakonzekere asayansi ambiri ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20.

mankhwala mankhwala mu nyengo ya Soviet linaperekedwa pambuyo pa nthawi yaitali ya kuyezetsa, atsimikizire efficacy ndi chitetezo cha ntchito zake. Dziko wakhazikitsa zopezera Laboratories ndi mabizinezi lalikulu kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala zovuta. Chopangidwa mankhwala anali wabwino kwambiri. Panopa Russian makampani mankhwala kwathunthu complies ndi mfundo lonse. Ukugwira ntchito zopezera Laboratories ndi kupanga akupitiriza kukhala kulenga mankhwala atsopano, zatsopano ndi kafukufuku maphunziro.

Russian mafakitale mankhwala kutulutsa katundu ankafuna pa msika zoweta ndi achilendo. Zisanu makampani waukulu mankhwala a Federation ndi Russian motere:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "Vertex".
• STADA CIS.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Ntchito "pharmacist"

Asatayike - ndi sayansi ndi mafakitale kupanga, napempha ogwira aluso. sukulu Medical kuphunzitsa akatswiri pantchito awiri - mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Pharmacist - chipatala, ndi zapaderazi anazipangiratu makoleji maphunziro kumatenga zaka 4. Pharmacist ntchito mbuye ku mayunivesite zoposa 7 zaka (zaka 6 + 1 chaka kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu).

Knowledge m'munsi mankhwala ali m'madera akuluakulu anayi. Pambuyo amasulidwe akatswiri pa ntchito mu pharmacies mu malo, Laboratories, mabungwe mankhwala apadera kafukufuku. Pharmacy ophunzira amakopeka kuthekera kwakukulu ndi mphamvu. The katswiri ayenera osati kumasula mankhwala, koma malangizo kusankha njira. Komanso, kupeza chidziwitso m'munsi zimathandiza kudziwa mmene mankhwala amapangidwa, kodi zotsatira zawo ndi contraindications.

Amene akhoza kuthamanga ogwira wantchito ntchito imene - asatayike? A mankhwala matenda aliyense wapangidwa polingalira ndi kugwilizana ndi malamulo okhwima ndi luso. Pakuti pharmacist ali ndi ntchito mu gawo lirilonse la kumalo a ntchito. Madera a ntchito za katswiri:

• The pharmacist-wogulitsa - ntchito mu pharmacies ritelo. Kuchuluka kwa maudindo monga kulankhulana ndi makasitomala, kusunga mbiri, kupanga mankhwala akuchipatala, kusungiramo olondola a mankhwala, restocking.
• The pharmacist-kafukufuku ntchito zasayansi. Zolinga za ofufuza akuphunzira matenda, njira kuchiritsa, khalidwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,, microflora, etc. The akatswiri chidwi ndi mwayi mitundu oopsa HIV (AIDS, Ebola, etc ...) Pakuti chitukuko cha katemera ndi matenda awa ...
• Mankhwala, ogulitsa amalamula mu makampani mankhwala nawo kukhazikitsa mankhwala awo kapena oimira mabungwe akuluakulu.

Asatayike - ndi kaphatikizidwe wa sayansi ndi malonda. Kukonzekera Medical siriyo ntchito yopanga chilichonse. A ololera kuti kumwa mankhwala facilitates yokonza thanzi ndi kuchira matenda ambiri.