Angapo allelism - chikhalidwe enieni chibadwa

N'zosatheka kuyerekeza ndi mankhwala amakono Popanda njira yosavuta mankhwala magazi. Kumayambiriro kwa njira imeneyi madokotala chabe kupopa madzi wodwala wina ndi mzake, popanda kuganizira zotsatira zake. kuzipenya wotsatira wa alili zinachititsa kuti mapeto kuti si magazi alionse oyenera magazi. Icho chinali chiyambi atulukira magulu magazi.

tanthauzo

Angapo allelism - ndi kukhalapo kwa mitundu zoposa ziwiri jini chomwecho. Chili monga njira zamphamvu zokhazokha, ndiko kumathandiza maphatikizidwe maselo kugonana kwa zinthu zomwe sangakhale ndi ana yotheka.

Nchifukwa chake sterility wa zomera zina ndi nyama, komanso ndikosatheka maonekedwe a "ana" mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana nyama. A zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana amatchedwa "angapo allelism". Zitsanzo za boma: mumtundu diso ndi odula mitundu, maonekedwe makutu kapena mphuno. Koma chimodzimodzi chinthu makhalidwe ndi mfundo zimene zidzakhala gulu magazi anthu.

Angapo allelism ali dongosolo ena:

- jini iliyonse amatha alleles oposa awiri;

- ndi zosinthika jini angakhalepo onse chifukwa patsogolo kapena kuthetsa masinthidwe a allele wina, ndi chifukwa kusintha mu "pake" jini;

- mu thupi ndi khromozomu diploid anapereka alleles awiri osiyana kungakhale imodzi;

- alleles ndi ubale wamphamvu-recessive pakati pawo;

- cholowa cha alleles kumvera malamulo a Gregor Mendel.

Madalitso a magulu magazi

Angapo allelism - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa kuwonekera kwa masiyanidwe a nkhani chibadwa cha zamoyo. Chitsanzo chimodzi cha masiyanidwe amenewa angatchedwe cholowa magazi ndi dongosolo AB0.

dongosolo lino makhalidwe ena:

- pali alleles atatu a jini I - ndi A, B ndipo 0;

- yogwira jini lili khromozomu chinayi;

- A ndi B alleles ndi lalikulu pa 0 koma ali wofanana ndi mzake;

- malinga ndi malamulo a Mendelian majini lalikulu zinthu monga Homo - kapena heterozygous chamoyo, ndipo okha homozygous recessive kwa khalidwe anapatsidwa.

osakaniza osiyanasiyana alleles patukani magulu magazi zinayi: 0, A, B, ndipo AB. Akusiyana pakati pawo antigens (agglutinogens) anapereka padziko maselo a magazi. Pankhaniyi, mbali madzi magazi nthawi zonse kufalitsidwa agglutinins. Izi chitetezo yeniyeni, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi agglutinogens lapansi.

Chodabwitsa allelism angapo amapereka zosiyanasiyana mawonetseredwe phenotypic khalidwe limeneli anthu. Magazi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha ponseponse anachita, kuyambira sizisintha mchikakamizo cha mtundu uliwonse zifukwa moyo.

dongosolo antigenic

Angapo allelism - ndi kusintha jini kuti apitiriza anthu. Imodzi mwa mapuloteni, amene ataphimbidwa ndi kusintha ndi RH china. mapuloteni Izi anatengera mtundu wamphamvu. Pamene magazi kapena mimba, RH zosagwirizana angagwe. Pankhaniyi, magazi ayamba aumirira ndi osauka DIC.

magazi akuchikazi ndi yoopsa chorionic villi umadutsa ndi kusakanizidwa. Ngati, pa mimba woyamba, amayi RH alibe kukhala mwana RH HIV, ndondomeko kubadwa ndi maselo ake ofiira kulongosola antigens angakhoze kulowamo dongosolo mkazi mtima ndi chifukwa thupi lawo siligwirizana a mtundu anachedwa. Ndiko kuti, chitetezo adzakhala kudziunjikira mu thupi, koma silinafike mimba mobwerezabwereza. Ngati mwana wachiwiri ndi RH zabwino, pali kutsutsana pakati pa chitetezo ndi antigens. Izi akhoza mapeto ake ndi imfa ya mwana wosabadwayo.

Mwanjira jini

Angapo allelism - kumasonyeza wina ndi jini chomwecho mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana thupi. Pali osati agglutinogens A, B ndi 0. Asayansi olekanitsidwa agglutinogens oposa mazana awiri ophatikizana m'magulu awiri. Zimenezi zimabweretsa wapadera magulu magazi munthu aliyense umodzi padziko lapansi.

Kusiyana pakati pa magulu awa a dongosolo AB0 ndi kuti madzi si kwa iwo agglutinins. Zofunika kwambiri ndi agglutinogens uchembere wabwino, MN, S, P, A, Levis, Duppi, Kell, Kidd, ndi ena. M'magazi, ma zosiyanasiyana antigens izi.

Mwamwayi, limodzi magazi sizimatanthauza kuti onse a mamolekyulu izi mapuloteni, popeza mulibe chifukwa kwambiri zowombetsa mkota matupi awo sagwirizana anachita. Komabe, osavomerezeka chifukwa kawirikawiri kuikidwa ntchito mwazi wa mwiniwake chomwecho.

gulu magazi antigens AB0 dongosolo

Monga ife tikudziwa kale, mu genotype a munthu nthawi zonse chodabwitsa allelism angapo. antigens gulu magazi anapatsidwa A ndi B, amene maonekedwe ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa I. jini Iwo zigwirizana mapuloteni ndi chakudya. The kulunjika aliyense Antigen anatsimikiza ndi shuga unyolo osachiritsika mpukutu.

Mapangidwe Antigen A ndi B chofunika H-mankhwala pamaso pa losokonekera udindo N. dongosolo Izi si Antigen, popeza pali anthu onse pa nembanemba ndi erythrocyte. Mu anthu ndi gulu loyamba magazi kokha H-mankhwala, koma palibe antigens A ndi B.