Andre Geim, katswiri wa sayansi amakono wasayansi: yonena, sayansi, mphoto ndi mphatso

Sir Andre Geim - M'Bungwe Royal Society, yunivesite ya Manchester ndi wasayansi British-Dutch, anabadwa mu Russia. Pamodzi ndi Konstantin Novoselov mu 2010 anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu sayansi pa ntchito yake pa graphene. Panopa iye ali Regius Professor ndi Director wa Center kwa Nanotechnology ndi mezonauki Manchester University.

Andre Geim: yonena

Anabadwa mu banja la 21.10.58 Konstantin Geim ndi Nina Nikolayevna Bayer. Makolo ake anali Soviet akatswiri chiyambi German. Malinga Heim, Agogo a mayi ake anali Myuda, ndipo ankadwala odana Semitism, chifukwa dzina lake zikumveka Ayuda. Geim ndi m'bale Vladislav. Mu 1965 banja lake anasamukira ku mzinda wa Nalchik, komwe iye anapita ku sukulu, okhazikika mu Chingerezi. Titamaliza ulemu, iye kawiri anayesa kulowa Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, koma anali atsopano. Pamenepo iye anapereka zikalata kwa MIPT, ndipo nthawi imeneyi anali kuchita. Malinga ndi iye, ophunzira anaphunzira kovuta - zoipazi unakula kwambiri moti nthawi zambiri anthu inawonongeka ndi sukulu, ndi ena inatha ndi maganizo, misala ndi kudzipha.

ntchito maphunziro

Andre Geim analandira dipuloma yake mu 1982, ndipo mu 1987 anakhala PhD mu Physics wa Miyala Institute of Olimba State Physics mu Chernogolovka. Malinga ndi wasayansi, pamene iye sanafune kuchita mbali iyi, ankaona kuti pulayimale tinthu sayansi astrophysics, koma lero anasangalala ndi kusankha kwawo.

Geim ntchito monga kucheza kafukufuku pa Institute of Microelectronics matekinoloje mu Sciences, ndipo kuyambira 1990 - yunivesite ya Nottingham (kawiri), Bath ndi Copenhagen. Malinga ndi iye, kunja iye akhoza kuchita kafukufuku, ndi kuthana ndi ndale, choncho anaganiza kusiya USSR.

Jobs mu Netherlands

Wake woyamba wanthawi malo Andre Geim anapambana mu 1994, pamene anakhala pulofesa wothandizira wa University of Nijmegen, pamene iye anali kuganizira superconductivity mesoscopic. Kenako iye analandira nzika Dutch. Mmodzi wa ophunzira ake maphunziro anali Konstantin Novoselov, amene anakhala bwenzi chachikulu sayansi. Komabe, malinga Geim, ntchito yake maphunziro ku Netherlands anali kutali ndi mitambo. Iye anapereka professorship pa Nijmegen ndi Eindhoven, koma iye anakana chifukwa anapeza dongosolo Dutch maphunziro kwambiri masanjidwe ndi chilango cha ndale zazing'ono, ndi ofanana kwambiri ku British, aliyense wogwira ntchito ndi ofanana. Mu wake Nobel nkhani Game kenako anati kuti zimenezi zinali pang'ono surreal, chifukwa kunja yunivesite anali mwansangala kulikonse, kuphatikizapo bwana wake, asayansi.

Kusamukira ku UK

Mu 2001, Game anakhala katswiri wa sayansi pa yunivesite ya Manchester, ndipo mu 2002 anaikidwa Director wa Manchester Center mezonauki ndi nanotechnology ndi Professor Lenguorti. Mkazi ndi nthawi yaitali Co-wolemba Irina Grigorieva akuona Manchester monga mphunzitsi. Kenaka limodzi ndi Konstantin Novoselov. Popeza 2007, Game anakhala munthu okalamba pa Msonkhano wa Engineering ndi thupi Sciences Research. Mu 2010, yunivesite ya Nijmegen anamuika pulofesa zipangizo nzeru ndi nanoscience.

kafukufuku

Geim kupeza njira yosavuta kupeza mzere umodzi wa maatomu graphite, lotchedwa graphene, mogwirizana ndi asayansi pa University of Manchester ndi IMT. Mu October 2004, gulu linatulutsa zotsatira mu magazini Science.

Graphene tichipeza wosanjikiza mpweya amene maatomu anakonza mu hexagon ziwiri ooneka enieni. Ndi nkhani thinnest mu dziko, ndipo mmodzi wa cholimba kwambiri ndi olimba. Mu mankhwala pali kuthekera ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ndi yabwino njira kuti pakachitsulo. Malinga Heim, mmodzi wa ntchito woyamba wa graphene kungakhale chitukuko cha zowonetsera kusintha kukhudza. Iye sanali setifiketi zinthu zatsopano, chifukwa kutero anafunikira munda enieni ntchito ndi mnzake mu makampani.

The wasayansi ankafotokoza zitsanzo zimenezi kuti ndizo zomatira, lomwe linadzadziŵika tepi nalimata chifukwa cha stickiness wa miyendo nalimata. Maphunziro awa akadali pa siteji oyambirira, koma amapereka chiyembekezo chimene anthu tsogolo adzatha kukwera kwa denga ngati Spiderman.

Mu 1997, Geim kuganizira zotsatira zotheka a nyese pa madzi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti wotchuka kutsegula mwachindunji diamagnetic levitation wa madzi, wotchuka chifukwa chionetsero ake levitating chule. Iye anagwira superconductivity ndi mesoscopic sayansi nawo.

Za kusankha nzika za kafukufuku Geim anati amanyansidwa njira, pamene ambiri kusankha woyenera PhD nkhani yolembedwa wake, kenako kupitiriza phunziro lomwelo patsogolo pantchito. Pamaso analandira wanthawi yake yoyamba malo, anasintha phunziro lake kasanu, ndipo anamuthandiza kwambiri kuphunzira.

Mu 2001, iye Co-Mlembi wotchedwa hamster amalikonda Tisha.

History of atulukira graphene

Mmodzi yophukira madzulo mu 2002 Andre Geim ndinaganiza za mpweya. Iye apadera mu zipangizo microscopically woonda ndipo sankadziwa mmene zigawo subtlest zipangizo akhoza zinthu akamaziwononga experimental. Graphite, wopangidwa mwa mafilimu monovalent, anali phungu zoonekeratu kuti kafukufuku, koma njira muyezo wa kudzipatula zitsanzo ultrathin akanati ukagwira kukawononga. Choncho Heim analangiza wina wa maphunziro atsopano Inde Jiang kuwatenga kotero woonda chitsanzo, kutali zedi, zigawo osachepera angapo zana atomiki, kupukuta graphite galasi kukula kwa inchi imodzi. Patapita milungu ingapo, Jiang wabweretsa mpweya tirigu mbale petri. Ataphunzira izo pansi simungathe kutiona Heim anamufunsa kuti yeseraninso. Jiang anati izi ndi zonse zimene zatsalira kwa galasi la. Pa nthawi imene Game mwanthabwala adamudzudzula kuti wophunzira maphunziro achotsa phiri kuti mbewu ya mchenga, mnzake mkulu anaona zinyalala apezeka ntchito Sikochi wapa tepi, povutirapo mbali imene ataphimbidwa ndi imvi, pang'ono chonyezimira filimu ya zatsalira graphite.

Mu Laboratories padziko lonse, ofufuza ntchito tepi kuyesa katundu zomatira wa zitsanzo experimental. The zigawo mpweya, zigawo graphite womangidwa ofooka (s g. 1564 chuma ntchito mapensulo, monga masamba chizindikiro kuonekera pa pepala) kotero kuti tepi alekanitsa mosavuta flake. Game kuyika chidutswa cha tepi ritsa pansi maso ndipo mwapezeka kuti makulidwe a graphite anali zosakwana munthu adaona kutali. Lopinda, compressing ndipo anadula tepi, iye anatha kukwaniritsa zigawo ngakhale n'kakang'ono.

Geim anali woyamba kupeza ziwiri ooneka enieni zakuthupi: mpweya monatomic wosanjikiza kuti pansi maso atomiki ndi ndege ya hexagons latisi, chokhala ndi uchi. sayansi ongolankhula mankhwala otchedwa graphene, koma iwo sanali kuoneratu kuti akhoza kuwapeza firiji. Iwo ankaganiza kuti zinthu limaphwasuka kusandulika ku mipira tosaoneka. M'malo Heym anaona graphene amakhalabe ndege wina, amene dimpled monga ofunika wothandizira.

Graphene: zimatha chidwi

Andre Geim Anapempha thandizo la maphunziro wophunzira Konstantin Novoselov, ndipo anayamba maola khumi ndi zinayi tsiku kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano. Monga iwo anachita mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano, imene katundu chapadera cha zinthu anapezeka zaka ziwiri. Chifukwa cha dongosolo lake lapadera, ma elekitironi popanda kuvutika zotsatira za zigawo zina, akhoza kusuntha momasuka kudzera kophimba ndipo mofulumira kwambiri. The madutsidwe wa graphene ndi zikwi zambiri mkuwa. Vumbulutso loyamba kwa kuonerera Heym anatchedwa "munda zotsatira" imene kumaonekera pamaso pa munda magetsi, amene amalola kulamulira madutsidwe. Amenewa ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro liwulo wa pakachitsulo ntchito tchipisi kompyuta. Izi zikusonyeza kuti graphene akhoza kukhala m'malo mwake, zomwe opanga kompyuta adafunafuna zaka zambiri.

Njira kuzindikiridwa

Geim ndi Konstantin Novoselov ndalemba pepala atatu tsamba kufotokoza apeza. Iye kawiri anakana Nature, wina ndemanga amene ananena kuti kudzipatula khola zinthu ziwiri ooneka enieni sizingatheke ndi zina sanaone kuti "okwanira sayansi kupita patsogolo." Koma mu October 2004, nkhani yakuti "Mmene munda magetsi mu mpweya atomu-wakuda mafilimu" linasindikizidwa mu magazini Science, atachita chidwi kwambiri pa sayansi - patsogolo pawo zopeka zitakhala zenizeni.

chigumukire wa atulukira

Laboratories padziko lonse anayamba kuphunzira ntchito zomatira tepi njira masewera, ndi asayansi anapeza katundu wina wa graphene. Ngakhale kuti nkhani thinnest m'chilengedwe chonse, zinali nthawi 150 wamphamvu kuposa chitsulo. Graphene anatsimikizira ofewa monga labala, ndipo akhoza anatambasula mpaka 120% ya m'litali. Kafukufuku Filippa Kima, kenako asayansi pa University Columbia, chinapezeka kuti nkhaniyi ndi zambiri electrically conductive kuposa kale anaika. Kim graphene anaika mu zingalowe, kumene palibe zinthu zina sanathe m'mbuyo kayendedwe subatomic ake particles ndipo anasonyeza kuti ali ndi "sayenda" - mlingo pa zimene magetsi mlandu umadutsa pa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi - nthawi 250 woposa wa pakachitsulo.

luso mpikisano

Mu 2010, zaka zisanu pambuyo anapeza kuti anapanga Andre Geim ndi Konstantin Novoselov ya Nobel Prize apabe kupereka. Ndiye TV chotchedwa graphene "chozizwitsa zakuthupi", chinthu kuti "angasinthe dziko." Anafika ofufuza kusukulu minda ya sayansi, zamagetsi, mankhwala, umagwirira ndi ena chikalata. Eni luso ntchito graphene mu mabatire, kusonyezedwa kusintha, kachitidwe desalination, patsogolo dzuwa zoyendetsedwa, kopitilira muyeso-kudya microcomputers.

Asayansi ku China amene analenga zinthu lightest mu dziko - graphene-airgel. Ndi maulendo 7 opepuka kuposa mpweya - mankhwala pa mita kiyubiki akulemera 160 ga Graphene-airgel amapangidwa ndi amaundana-kuumitsa gel osakaniza munali graphene ndi nanotubes.

Yunivesite ya Manchester, komwe amagwira ntchito Geim ndi Novoselov, boma la Britain ali padera madola 60 miliyoni kulenga pa maziko ake Institute National wa graphene, amene adzalola dziko kukhala ogwirizana pamwamba setifiketi-zopalira dziko - Korea, China ndi United States, amene anayambitsa mtundu wa kwa chilengedwe cha loyamba mankhwala dziko chosintha nkhani yatsopano.

Umalemekeza

Kuyesera ndi SITIMAYI IMAYENDA wa achule moyo anabweretsa osati chifukwa ndithu kuti kuyembekezera Maykl Berri ndi Andre Geim. Ig Nobel Prize anali kupereka kwa iwo mu 2000

Mu 2006, Geim anapambana Scientific American magazini 50.

Mu 2007, Institute of Physics kupereka iye mphoto ndi Mendulo wa Mott. Ndiye Heim anasankhidwa Anzathu wa Royal Society.

Game ndi Novoselov anagawa mphoto 2008 Chaka, "Evrofizika" "chifukwa kudziwika ndi kudzipatula monohydric wosanjikiza mpweya ndi tanthauzo la katundu chidwi amagetsi." Mu 2009, iye analandira mphoto Kerber.

bonasi wina Andreya Geyma, dzina lake Dzhona Karti, umene anali kupereka pa US National Academy of Sciences mu 2010 anapatsidwa "chifukwa kuzindikira wake experimental ndi kufufuza za graphene ziwiri ooneka enieni mtundu wa mpweya."

Komanso mu 2010 analandira imodzi professorships asanu aulemu wa Royal Society ndi Hughes Zikho "kwa anapeza chosintha wa graphene ndi kuulula katundu chidwi." Game wakhala kupereka doctorates aulemu kuchokera Delft University of Technology, Institute of Technology Zurich, ku University of Antwerp ndi Manchester.

Mu 2010, iye anakhala Knight a dongosolo la Dutch Mkango chopereka chake kwa sayansi Dutch. Mu 2012, misonkhano sayansi Game iye anapangidwa Knight yoyamba. Iye anasankhidwa membala yachilendo ya Academy of Sciences ya United States mu May 2012

Nobel

Geim ndi Novoselov kwa groundbreaking kafukufuku wa graphene anali kupereka 2010 Nobel Prize mu sayansi, anamva za mphoto, Geim anati iye sanayembekezere kuti chaka chino, ndipo sangasinthe mapulani tsogolo lawo pankhaniyi. The wasayansi ano ankaganiza kuti graphene ndi zina timibulu ziwiri ooneka enieni chidzasintha moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu monga momwe anachita mapulasitiki. The mphoto anamuika munthu woyamba amene anapambana Nobel ndi Ig Nobel Prize imodzi. nkhani unachitikira pa December 8, 2010 mu University of Stockholm.