Amene anatulukira ndege, m'chaka chiyani?

Monga mmene mbiri, woyambitsa zoyambitsidwa zambiri zofunika si mophweka kapena zosatheka kukhazikitsa. Ndipotu mfundo yomweyo angayambe anthu amene kugawana zaka zikwi makilomita. Izi ndi zoona mu nkhani ya funso la amene anatulukira ndege yoyamba, monga amadziwika kuti ambiri aluso asayansi, akatswiri ndi okonza, amene anapereka mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe cha ndege zofunika choimirira.

prehistory

Ilo likunena chimodzimodzi chimene chaka anatulukira ndege, n'zovuta chokwanira n'zovuta kudziwa mfundo Buku. Ngati ife kulankhula za lingaliro chipangizo wakwezedwa vertically kudzera pamwamba pa wononga onsewo, amakezana olembedwa pa nkhani imeneyi zaka zoposa 1600. Mpheroyi chidole mwana wamng'ono mu mawonekedwe a timitengo ndi wononga pa mapeto, amene clamped pakati kanjedza, ndi kasinthasintha wa Ufumuyo ndi kumasulidwa, kenako mwachidule anasangalala mmwamba. ntchito iliyonse othandiza anatulukira ili sanapezeke, ndipo kalekale.

Leonardo da Vinci

Ngakhale dzina la katswiri wamkulu wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano sizinayambe anthu amene amatchedwa mafunso amene anatulukira ndege, pa imodzi mwa zojambula anapanga ndi dzanja lake mu 1475, pali ndege ndi tinakwera yaikulu. Leonardo adafotokoza kuti zimenezi limagwirira anali kuti avule vertically, ngati tinakwera zoyenda, ntchito minofu mphamvu ya katswiri woyendetsa.

M. Lomonosov

Patatha zaka 270, munthu limagwirira kuti sangathe kutchedwa zinachitika mini-ndege, kupangidwa mu Russia. Mlembi wake anali Mikhail Lomonosov, amene anaganiza zopanga makina angathe kuukitsa kuti ukhale thermometers kwambiri ndi zipangizo zina zofunika kafukufuku nyengo. Amadziwika kuti panali anakhazikitsa chitsanzo kuti akuthamanga kuchokera limagwirira masika, koma mayesero ake sanali bwino. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, ngakhale palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti poyamba anatulukira ndege M. Lomonosov anatulukira iwo mfundo alipire wa makokedwe zotakasika pa ndege makina-phiko akadali ntchito ndipo ankaona kuti tingachipeze powerenga losadziwika.

Woyamba ofukula ndege

Mu 1860 ku France ndi G. Ponton d'Amekur analenga ndege aeronef, amene anali awiri coaxial wononga ndipo okonzeka ndi injini ndi nthunzi. mayesero ake sanali bwino, ndipo galimoto sanathe kupanga Nyamulani ofukula monga zatsopano ake amayembekezera.

zinthu zinasintha mkubwela kwa injini mafuta kuti anali wamphamvu ndi kulemera zochepa nthunzi. September 29, 1907 ndinkakhala nalo woyambirira ofukula ndege. Izo zinandipangitsa opanda Gyroplane anamanga Louis ndi Jacques Breguet mothandizidwa ongolankhula wa Professor S. kwambiri. Iye inatenga mphindi imodzi yokha. makina anali wokhoza kutsika pansi ndi masentimita 50 okha. Ngakhale bwino, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti yankho ku funso la amene anatulukira ndege, simungathe dzina maina ndiAmene Gyroplane, monga kuthawa sanali ankalamulira, ndi makina nthawi kuchira anali pa zana chala.

Woyamba panali ndege

Mu 1907, ku France Paulo Cornu anali woyamba amene anatulukira ndege, amene anakweza mlengi wake mu mlengalenga. makina ndi mu ndege masekondi 2 okha ndipo anafika kutalika kwa masentimita 50. Pankhaniyi, Cornu anayesa kulamulira chipangizo, koma sindingakhoze kunena kuti anapambana.

Mbiri wotsatira wa atayamba ndege la

Kwa zaka zingapo, okonza ndi akatswiri koma alephera kuthetsa vuto yosamalira ndege amenewa. Zinthu zinasintha mu 1911 pamene B. N. Yurev ndi amene anatulukira ndege ndi mchira ozungulira. Limagwirira yamasika ntchito pomanga ndege lero.

Mu 1922 Professor G. Botezat kuti pambuyo zisinthe, iye anasamuka ku Russia ku USA, anamanga ndi dongosolo la US Army khola Poyamba ndege mu dziko. Komabe, kukwera mu mlengalenga pa msinkhu wa 5 m, izo zikanakhoza kukhala maminiti pang'ono mu mlengalenga.

Mapanganowo m'munda wa ndege

marekodi zingapo nthawi ndi osiyanasiyana zinakambidwa mu zaka kubwera. Ena mwa iwo:

• Lembani Argentine Raúl Paterasa Pescara anathetsera ndi ndege ya mwini mamangidwe mtunda awo 736 mamita;
• motalikitsa nthawi (1924) ndege Kutalika kwa mphindi 7 ndi masekondi 40, wangwiro France E. Emishenom;
• mbiri Italy ndege D'Ascanio anathetsera mtunda wa pa 1 kukafika mu 1930
• mbiri liwiro (100 Km / h) anakhazikitsa mu 1935 godu ndege Gyroplane.

Amene anatulukira ndege yoyamba padziko lonse?

Iwo amakhulupirira kuti yankho la funso limeneli titchedwe dzina la sayansi ndi ndege mlengi Igorya Ivanovicha Sikorskogo. Long asanayambe chilengedwe chake chachikulu - yoyamba kupanga ndege - analenga patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo 4-injini ndege "Russian Vityaz". Komanso, iye ndi wa ulamuliro wa nkhani ya kamangidwe ka seaplanes transatlantic.

Back mu 1931, Sikorsky ali okhala ndi zouluka makina ntchito, ntchito yomanga zomwe umakhulupilira si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera zitsanzo ndi ndege ntchito lero. Makamaka, anatiuza za ntchito ya tinakwera 2: chachikulu - pamtenje ndi thandizo - pa mchira.

Woyamba experimental ndege Sikorsky - vs 300, olamulidwa mwa yekha, natenga mlengalenga mu 1939. Mpheroyi lalikulu awiri zitsulo chitoliro ndi cockpit lotseguka kwa katswiri woyendetsa. m'ndege anali ndi mphamvu malita 65. a. ndipo kopepuka Lycoming, 3-onsewo waukulu ozungulira tsamba.

patsogolo Sikorski

M'ma masika a ndege 1941 anapanga ulaliki wa woyamba amphibious ndege m'dziko tiwolokere wa galimotoyo, lomwe ndi kusinthidwa ya kale odziwika bwino pa nthawi ndege vs 300. Helicopters anavula kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi ndi inatera bwinobwino pa dziko. ntchito inatenga ola 1 Mphindi 35, ndi liwiro anafika 100 Km paola.

Zitatero, ndege mlengi adalenga mitundu 18 Helicopters, amene anali misa limapanga. Komanso, zinalengedwa chopangira mphamvu chitsanzo, amphibious ndi retractable ankafika zida, komanso otchedwa zouluka cranes. Helicopters, analengedwa ndi Sikorsky, anawatengera transatlantic ndi transpacific flights ndi refueling mu mlengalenga. EGI makina ntchito zosiyanasiyana zolinga. ntchito yake pamaso retiring Sikorski wamaliza chilengedwe cha S-58 ndege, chimaonedwabe ndege bwino m'badwo 1.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa chifukwa amaganiza kuti Igor Sikorsky anatulukira ndege yoyamba. Izi si angasokoneze nyota za akatswiri ena ndipo okonza amene anadzipereka zaka zambiri za moyo wake ku chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa rotorcraft lapansi.