Allelic ndi majini sanali allelic

chibadwa phindu

Ndi Kupezeka kwa zapansi majini a sayansi chapeza yaikulu latsopano kafukufuku m'munsi gawo lapansi la kusanduka - malamulo chibadwa. Kuti anaika zokhudza kusintha zakale ndi adziwitse kuti chitukuko cha chamoyo.

chibadwa ndi kusintha chiŵerengero limakupatsani kupulumutsa chabe bwino quality, koma m'malo analephera kupeza atsopano, kuwongolera kapangidwe ndi achititsa kuti tidzapambana pa kusankha zamoyo.

mfundo zikuluzikulu za chibadwa

Mu maziko ano zachibadwa chromosomal cholowa analandira chiphunzitso kuti gawo lapansi chachikulu ndi morphological khromozomu - dongosolo la condensed DNA zovuta (chromatin) kumene pa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni, mfundo kuwerenga.

Chibadwa zochokera mfundo zingapo: jini (a DNA gawo 'kala' ikusonyeza kuti yeniyeni Mbali wagawo), genotype ndi fenotayipi (ya majini ndi makhalidwe a chamoyo), gametes (nyongolosi maselo lokhala umodzi DNA) ndi zygote (s maselo diploid).

Chibadwa, nayenso ali m'magulu mu lalikulu (A) ndi recessive (a) malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbali imodzi pa allelic wina (A ndi a) ndipo sanali allelic majini (A ndi B). Allelic ili pa zigawo chomwecho chromosomal ndi wolemba pulogalamu chizindikiro chimodzi. Non-allelic majini mwamtheradi zotsutsana ndi iwo ili pa malo osiyana ndi encode zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ngakhale, majini sanali allelic ndi mphamvu kucheza ndi mzake, tingadzifunse chitukuko mbali watsopano. Malinga ndi kapangidwe Mkhalidwe wa zamoyo alleles akhoza kugawidwa mu homo- kapena heterozygous m'nkhani yoyamba ndi chibadwa yemweyo (AA, AA), mu zina - zosiyana (AA).

Limagwirira ndiponso zimene ankachita jini dera

Ndipamene mogwirizana jini pakati pa zachibadwa American T.H.Morgan kuphunzira. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wake, ananenera mu chiphunzitso khromozomu cha chibadwa. Malinga ndi chibadwa ake m'gulu khromozomu wina tinatengera pamodzi. majini amatchedwa zogwirizana ndi kupanga otchedwa magulu Mgwirizano. Nayenso kumagulu izi likugwiritsidwanso ndi jini recombination kusinthanitsidwa - DNA kusinthitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana pamodzi. Mu izi n'zomveka kwathunthu ndipo zikutsimikiziridwa mwa choona kuti chibadwa imakonzedwa mwachindunji wina kumbuyo kwa limzake, kupatukana m'kati kuwoloka-pa sali poyera ndipo anatengera pamodzi.

Ngati pali mtunda pakati chibadwa, Mwina olekanitsa alipo - zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "chosakwanira guluu wolimba chibadwa." Kulankhula izo mwatsatanetsatane, mogwirizana pakati pa majini allelic amapezeka mu njira zitatu zachiwembu losavuta: ulamuliro wathunthu kupereka oyera lalikulu khalidwe, ulamuliro chosakwanira kupereka wapakatikati kodominirovanie mbali ndi cholowa cha makhalidwe onse. majini Non-allelic amagwiritsidwa tinatengera kovuta kwambiri: njira ya mapolojekiti, ma polima kapena epistasis. Apa adzakhala anatengera makhalidwe onse, koma Pamlingo osiyana.