Adzasowa chakudya cha Russia: chitukuko ndi mavuto

Munthu ayenera chosowa, amene nthawi zonse ndi m'mikhalidwe yonse muyenera kukwaniritsa. Kaya ndinu ndani, kaya zimene chuma chawo musatenge popanda wabwino, chabwino chakudya khalidwe simungathe kuchita. Nzosadabwitsa kuti kwa nthawi yaitali makampani chakudya mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena chakhala maziko olimba a chuma cha mayiko ambiri.

Dziko lathu yotero. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti adzasowa chakudya mu Russia wakhala bwino anayamba, ngati ndife pafupifupi nthawi zonse ndi mphamvu ya zaulimi. Chifukwa zopangira amayenera kukonzedwa kwa yosungirako kapena kugawa, kotero kuti gawo lolingana wa chuma zachitika mofulumira. Komanso, Russia sanagone zaka mtendere wosakwatiwa, kuti mwa kupereka asilikali ndi chakudya khalidwe ayenera kumasamalira zonse.

A mwachidule mbiri

Choyamba anagunda adzasowa chakudya mu Russia walandira pa First World nkhondo, ndipo nthawi yachisoni ya Civil nkhondo potsiriza pompo. Poyerekeza ndi 1900 kupanga mankhwala utachepa kamodzi kasanu. Komabe, kale ndi 1927, makampani pafupifupi utabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu kwa mlingo wake m'mbuyomu, chotero chokha ayenera kukwaniritsa dziko wamng'ono, iye sanathe.

Zopangapanga mphamvu, kuwonjezereka lakuthwa pomanga ndi analamula kupanga m'madera onse a dziko la Soviet Union zinachititsa kuti kufunika kwa review kwakukulu kwa adzasowa chakudya, amene wakhalapo ndigwira. Kufunika kwa uyu anali wokwera, m'pamenenso apamwamba yaiwisi zipangizo ayamba kusonyeza collectivized cooperatives ulimi ndi minda losonkhanitsidwa. Pafupifupi zaka chomwecho, mabungwe a kanjedza Kafukufuku anabweretsa zofuna pafupifupi anthu a kudzinenera osiyana mu zakudya ndi magulu ena katundu.

Pa kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo ya 1941-45 pafupifupi makampani lonse chakudya mu Russia, yomwe ili mbali yaikulu ya boma, kachiwiri, anawonongedwa. amapulumutsa okha achoke yake ambiri a mabizinezi mu East. Mwa njira, chifukwa chochitika mu Kazakhstan lero wandipitirira m'dera makampani golosale.

Tikumbukenso kuti tsiku la makampani chakudya mu Russia, amene kumakumbukulidwa pa October 19, chimodzimodzi basi mwanjira zambiri analenga okumbukira ntchito amunamuna ogwira ntchito ku makampani amene amapereka zizipezeka chakudya kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo.

mavuto unawonongedwa

Patatha zaka zisanu, kumabungwe ambiri a chuma, kuphatikizapo makampani chakudya, litakhalanso, mlingo wapachiyambi chisanadze nkhondo. Izo basi tanena kuti pamaso makampani sanathe zosoŵa kuchuluka kwa kukula mofulumira ndi osauka m'mayiko. Ndipotu zinali oipitsitsa. chakuti anthu akumidzi kudyetsa mwapadera kawiri anthu mankhwala kuti mwakula m'munda. Industrial katundu anthu pafupifupi sanali kugula.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, dziko Zinkafunikiradi ogwira ntchito ambiri. Natural "ofuna" pa ntchito yawo zinali alimi chomwecho. Izo basi kunyamula iwo kwa mzinda sakanakhoza, monga mu nkhani iyi, chiwerengero cha anthu amene zakudya kuwonjezera mofulumira. Kumene zimenezi zingachititse kuti njala. Zinkafunikiradi kuti reorient makampani mfundo yatsopano. thandizo lamtengo wapatali analimasulira mabungwe zofunika chakudya mu Russia (Moscow, Kuban), zomwe akatswiri apanga zosiyanasiyana mapulogalamu retrofit makampani.

Mwatsoka, njira kumeneko kuti vutoli anasankhidwa zolakwika. Kolkhoz muli zoletsedwa ng'ombe farmsteads, kapena mwalamulo womangika chiwerengero chake. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mu nkhani iyi kusauka zokolola. Kumene, kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi nthawi zonse kuwuka mlingo wa mafakitale. Monga momwe ulimi ndi kuonjezera zokolola za boma tirigu anaganiza kuyamba kulima humus mu Kazakhstan.

Zinali ndiye, ndipo kunapezeka kuti ntchito yachibadwa m'dziko nakulitsa akudwala lalifupi akatswiri oyenerera. Ndipotu, kunapezeka kuti% 40 m'dera okwana nakulitsa akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo ulimi. Chifukwa cha ichi chonde wa dothi mwamsanga unasweka, imene mapeto zinachititsa kuti kufunika kugula mbewu kunja.

kukonzanso

Pofika kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche malonda chakudya mu Russia izo sizinali pamalo abwino. Chifukwa anthu amene amawononga tsopano, kunapezeka kuti chuma wataya mpaka 40% ya mankhwala yomalizidwa ndi lofunika zopangira. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1970 mpaka 1986 likunena anakana kotunga mankhwala ndi thupi la kudzinenera ambiri. Ndipotu, zimachitika pankhaniyi anadyetsedwa okha anthu a utsogoleri chipani, nkhondo, amalinyero, ndege ndi chombo.

Kumayambiriro a 1991, zofuna anthu a mu masamba, chakudya ndi pasitala ataphimbidwa ndi za 80-90%. Koma shuga, mafuta, nyama, mkaka ndi nkhuku, zimakwana anali atachoka 55-60% kwambiri. Amene si bwino kuti akhale mmodzi mwa zizindikilo za malemu USSR ima pamzere zopangidwa "chofunika"? Onse mabungwe chakudya mu Russia mu zaka anakumana kusowa zoopsa cha anthu, mlingo mofulumira kugwa kuphunzitsa akatswiri umatulutsa.

Pambuyo 1991 anayamba kufooka mofulumira kupanga okwana. Ena adzasowa chakudya yafupika kupanga buku ndi 60%. zinthu Market mofulumira litamkiramkira chifukwa chakuti ogula angathe chabe analibe njira kugula mankhwala a opanga zoweta. Zonsezi zikuchitika ndi maziko a chigumula wamphamvu katundu wotchipa kunja, amene mtsinje unali kudutsa mu malire anatsegula. Aliyense yopanga makampani chakudya mu Russia mu zaka anali chabe amakakamizidwa amachita sangathe okha Kutaya zoti achite zosachepera ena chidwi ogula malonda awo.

State makampani chigawo luso

Ndi 90s oyambirira ndi malo ichi chinali chokhumudwitsa. Thupi, zambiri zida ndi akale kale theka, ndipo monga khalidwe labwino "kuwonongeka kwa maselo" zimene anachita zinali zodabwitsa. The kukula zamakono backwardness ndi kusakhazikika kwa zachuma a chuma ngakhale zina kulimbikitsa kale osati wanzeru kwambiri udindo wa makampani zoweta chakudya.

Chifukwa, kupanga Russian sanathe kupereka anthu ake omwe ndi chakudya. Vutoli linali lalikulu kuposa matupi ambiri a ntchito mwaukhondo-AIDS anasonyeza mismatch wathunthu wa katundu wambiri kunja, ngakhale mfundo zofunika. Drumsticks nsomba - osati zoipitsitsa zimene anapeza. Mwachibadwa, khalidwe la zipangizo monga iye ali makampani chakudya mu Russia. 2014 chikutanthauza bwino kwambiri, matupi athu a ntchito mwaukhondo-AIDS ulamuliro kovuta kwambiri.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu za makampani chakudya mu Russia

Mmodzi wa zipilala chachikulu cha ntchito imeneyi m'dziko lathu (ndi dziko) ndi ziweto. chinachake ake Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane. gawo ili la chuma limapereka osachepera 60% zipangizo wapatali yaiwisi imene mankhwala zoweta chakudya amapangidwa. Kalanga, pali madera ochepa Russia, komwe chikhalidwe chizathandiza kawetedwe ng'ombe zanyama. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi Caucasus. zinthu Social pali kuti ayambe makampani (wachibale) anasanduka zotheka zisakuyenda bwino.

Choncho onse posachedwapa osachepera 60% ya zosowa za anthu pa ng'ombe yomweyo ofalitsidwa chonse mwa imports, chifukwa cha zomwe amadwala adzasowa chakudya cha Russia. 2014 zinali zodzaza ndi kumayambiriro ziletso Western. Oddly zokwanira, koma ndi zochitika yamasika amalola kuyembekezera kuchenjera kwa akuluakulu a boma lomwe, mwina, komabe kulabadira alimi awo.

kuswana ng'ombe

Mu dziko lathu, anayamba mbali ziwiri: mkaka ndi nyama ndi mkaka kuswana ng'ombe. Yopangidwa yekha mu gawo European la Russia, kumene nyengo ndi chakudya kupanga kupanga yopindulitsa zokwanira.

mkaka zoweta zaposachedwapa, yodziwika ndi mokwanira apamwamba. vuto ndi pang'ono subsidy kuti boma atumiza kwa gawo la ngongole. Theoretically, ichi ndi chifukwa inalowa m'dziko lathu kwa WTO, koma Germany ndi France, mfundo imeneyi samaletsa kuthandiza alimi awo. Pakali pano, pali vuto paradoxical: ngakhale kuti dziko ndi kupezera osachepera 89% ya kufunika kwa mkaka paokha, tidzapitiriza kugula akutali.

Chifukwa cha ichi kwambiri anakhudzidwa makampani chakudya mu Russia. Report ndi akatswiri makampani pa chaka chatha zikusonyeza kuti pa mkaka kwathunthu kudzikonda opatsa dziko amatha kudutsa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. M'malo mwake, opanga zoweta kachiwiri opanda malamulo boma ndi ndalama.

Koma ng'ombe, zinthu ngakhale sadder. mfundo ndi yakuti mu dziko lathu pali pafupifupi palibe ulimi mkaka monga. onse nyama chiyambi zoweta, lomwe limapezeka pa maalumali masitolo athu - ng'ombe za mkaka. Iwo ali makhalidwe otsika zakudya kuti adzasowa chakudya ndi zipangizo ntchito yokhayo monga enaake kuti nkhumba ndi. Konzani ulimi wa nyama mkulu kalasi kapena sausages sangakhale mwa iyo, ndipo pambuyo pa zonse, mankhwala amenewa akhoza kwambiri pa Russian opanga ndalama.

nkhumba kuswana

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, Ndizachidziwikire kuti osachepera 2/3 akufunika okwana nyama yaiwisi chimakwirira ndendende nkhumba. kupanga zoweta ndi wa khalidwe labwino ndipo nthawi zonse mu ankafuna mkulu pakati ogula. vuto ndi nkhumba - mankhwala okwera mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa kupanga ake amafuna ang'onoang'ono lalikulu yomanga minda zikuluzikulu nkhumba. Zenizeni wotere kuti boma invests mwa iwo palibe mofulumira, ankaona kuti ndalama opanga yachilendo. Chakudya ndi mafakitale processing mu Russia akukumana kusowa kwa ndalama aakulu.

adzasowa chakudya mu Russia

Ndipo tsopano nthambi zikuluzikulu za makampani chakudya mu Russia. Chifukwa cha mfundo za kuwayika mabizinezi processing mu dziko zimayikidwa pa kamodzi awiri mfundo: zopangira ndi ogula. Nthawi zambiri, yomanga amakampani yatsopano zochokera kupezeka kwa zipangizo, kuyambira issuance chakudya ake ofunika kwambiri. Pamene magalimoto pa mtunda kwambiri kapena zochepa yaitali amafuna ndalama kwambiri kuti pakhale bata ake, koma chifukwa kupanga wotere umakhala chabe uneconomical.

Malinga kuphatikiza zinthu zonsezi, akatswiri nthambi zitatu za makampani chakudya, amene ali ofala Russia:

• Magwero a zipangizo amamuchititsa kupanga mkaka, wowuma ndi mchewere, shuga ndi masamba mafuta, masamba umatetezera. Mwachitsanzo, yopanga shuga tili yekha mu Caucasus ndi pakati Black Lapansi m'madera chifukwa kwinakwake kunyamula masauzande matani zipangizo, imene angapo matani mankhwala kusasanyiwa, ndi chabe wopanda pake ndi opusa. Palinso makampani yaikulu ya Russian chakudya makampani (ASTON, "Yug Rusi") yotulutsa masamba mafuta.
• Mosiyana, ulimi wa makampani ophika buledi angapezeke m'dziko lonselo. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mupereke kwa ogula malonda chakudya. Mapira ndi mosavuta katundu, linanena bungwe la mankhwala Kwatha kwa zipangizo ndi okwanira.
• Obwerawa mafakitale: ufa ndi nyama. Pulayimale processing a zipangizo opangidwa pafupi mwamsanga a mbadwo wake, ndiyeno mankhwala theka-yomalizidwa zimatumizidwa processing komaliza. A chitsanzo changwiro - nsomba. Amaundana izo imagwiridwa ndi trawler wina. Salt monga hering'i, mwachitsanzo, kubala, ngakhale Udmurtia kumene ku nyanja yapafupi makilomita oposa chikwi.

makhalidwe ena a makampani

Ambiri, zoweta adzasowa chakudya zikuphatikizapo mazana m'zinthu kupanga ndi zovuta kwambiri. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mitundu zofunika. zinthu zawo ndi zopangira kwa mafakitale patsogolo kwambiri. Ndi kupanga amenewa ndi monga: makampani mphero, ulimi wa shuga yaiwisi, kukonzekera ndi mkaka wotsatira kuzirala.

Kuti iwo n'zotheka m'kagulu onse makampani processing chakudya mu Russia, okhazikika kukhala nsomba kapena zophera. Koma apa kale kupanga kusiyana pakati pa zigawo: ndi ng'ombe yomweyo athanso kupita ku masitolo, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito yopanga sausages, nyama mkate, etc. njira osauka amaonedwa zofunika, monga chifukwa malonda awo ntchito kumabweretsa .. gawo mkango wa phindu kwa Mlengi.

zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kupanga

adzasowa chakudya onse m'dziko lathu ikukwaniritsa zosowa za mamilioni a ogula. Ichi ndi chifukwa ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana makampani, ena amene ali kale pa msika kuposa zaka zana (Nestle Mwachitsanzo). The peculiarity wa ntchito imeneyi ndi kuti muyenera zonse amapeza ena zokonda latsopano ndi kumasula mawonekedwe, monga zofuna za ogula ayenera anakhalabe. Ndi chifukwa yamasika, masiku ano makampani golosale ndi chidwi Kutulukira ma CD atsopano ndi njira kuphedwa kwake.

Mwachidule, makampani chakudya, osati dziko lathu komanso kunja amapereka ntchito kwa zikwi za anthu okhudzidwa kupanga galasi, pepala, pulasitiki ndi ma CD zitsulo. M'njira zambiri amayambitsa ndi chikhalidwe cha zopangira kuika makampani: ndi mowa chomwecho bwino kuthira umakhala pafupi zomera, kumene zilipo, pulasitiki ndi galasi mabotolo. Akwate kudzera theka dziko - ndi okwera mtengo.

Ndalama waukulu adzasowa chakudya

Ngati ife kulankhula za profitability a mtundu umenewu kupanga mtengo ndithu makampani chakudya mu Russia ndi chifukwa kugula mizere ano CD ndi makina, mitengo zimene sizili za demokalase kwambiri. mtengo waukulu kwambiri pa akatswiri phukusi yosindikiza kamangidwe. Kuwonjezera kuti malipiro okonza, ogulitsa malonda, mtengo wa chitsimikizo ndi kufalitsa mankhwala ake. Choncho, masiku chakudya makampani - makampani kwambiri, okwera mtengo kwambiri.

The mavuto chachikulu cha makampani chakudya mu dziko lathu

Ambiri, ife tayankhula za ambiri a iwo. Motero, kukula kwa makampani chakudya mu Russia ndi yovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha pakalibe pafupifupi boma kuthandiza mafakitale. Ndalama kwa atakhala yopanga zambiri (onani pamwamba), msonkho - kwambiri, ndi chidwi chenicheni cha anthu woyamba wa boma mu kuonetsetsa ake chokwanira dziko ayi.

Tisaiwale kuti pali ochepa osewera lalikulu makampani, amene kulamulira msika wa malonda chakudya padziko lonse. Izi makampani amadziwika kuti aliyense, "Nestle", "koka-Cola", "Unilever" ndi ena. Kotero, pafupifupi madzi enaake amapangidwa ndi chomera, amene magawo ali wokwatibwa ndi "koka-Cola". Chomwecho zili ndi chokoleti: ngakhale zoweta ogula maswiti, inu ukulipirira wa Swiss "Nestle".

Kumene, makampani izi Russian adzasowa chakudya, m'lingaliro n'zothandiza linaperekedwa kwa bajeti feduro kwambiri misonkho. The mbali n'zosiyana a ndalamayo ndiye kuti munthu mmodzi yekha kupanga zoweta madzi enaake pafupifupi kwathunthu kupha, kuyambira makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi sangathe kupikisana ndi "zinsomba" malonda padziko lonse. Pano pali mavuto chachikulu cha makampani Russian chakudya.