Zojambulazo bwino Dzhotto Di Bondone ndi kufotokozera awo

Mawu kuti angathe kukonzedwa ntchito za kwambiri ku Italy wa zojambulajambula Giotto di Bondone - izo mizere ya ndakatulo Arseniya Tarkovskogo:

Ndine munthu, ine ndiri pakati pa dziko,

Kwa ine miyanda infusoria,

Pamaso panga anthu enanso ambirimbiri a nyenyezi.

Ine ndinapita kwa msinkhu wake wonse pakati pawo -

magombe awiri binder Nyanja,

Awiri malo ogwirizana ndi mlatho.

mawu awa kufotokoza osati wolemba, komanso nthawi yonse imene iye ankakhala. Zojambula ndi Giotto ndi mlatho chomwecho chimene chikugwirizana magawo awiri pa luso kupenta.

Woyambitsa wa kupenta zamakono

Giotto ankakhala kumapeto kwa zaka ziwiri - 13 ndi 14. Chimodzimodzi pakati pa moyo wake zinachitika pa nthawi ino, ndipo m'nthawi ili mu chikhalidwe dziko amatchedwa nyengo Dante ndi Giotto. Iwo anali m'nthawi.

Wafilosofi Merab Mamardashvili za zojambula ndi Giotto kamodzi anati: "Giotto linatuluka mu ziro transcendental". Ganizo zovuta nthawi wake ambiri kuseka. Koma ngati inu mukuganiza chiyani za izo, kapena m'malo onse sizili anati. Pambuyo Giotto monga wojambula anayamba kuchokera zikande.

Tayang'anani pa ambiri zojambula wotchuka wa Giotto. Kodi iye anachita paluso, kuti iye akufuna kuti luso, palibe pamaso pake amene anachitapo. Iye anayamba kuchokera zikande, ndipo mwina, ndi lingaliro limeneli, mwamuna aliyense wa namatetule zipita transcendental ziro. Michelangelo, Pol Sezann ndi Kazimir Malevich anachita. Iwo anayamba kuyambira pachiyambi, kuchokera zikande. Mwanjira imeneyi, ndi Giotto anafika ziro transcendent. Chifukwa cha tinganene ndithu modekha molimba: imayambira Giotto Bondone ano kupenta European.

Zolengedwa wotchuka

Kodi tikudziwa zojambula ndi Giotto? Izi ndi "molemekeza Amagi", "Kupereka mu Kachisi", "The Entombment", "Madalitso Anna," "pamtanda", "Chozizwitsa cha gwero." Giotto di Bondone zojambula ndi murals kwa m'tchalitchi analemba Del m'bwalomo mu amapemphera, mipingo ku Florence ndipo Assisi. cholembedwa wake akhoza Musasokonezeke ndi kalembedwe aluso ena. Kufotokozera zojambula ndi Giotto - ndi retrospective a Uthenga fanizo. Iye anatisiyira ife zithunzi za oyera achikhristu, monga St. Francis kulankhulana. Lawrence, kulankhulana. Stephen, John Bogoslov neri Al.

Giotto wa zojambula ndi maudindo kuwonjezera amapemphera, Florence, ndi Vatican ndi mu m'ndandanda wa mndandanda wa zinthu zochititsa chidwi monga Jacquemart-André ndi Louvre mu France, mu Gallery National wa Art ku Washington ndi Raleigh (University of North Carolina), mu Paris, ku Germany ndi ku UK .

Pamaso pake anali chizindikiro, kapena Byzantine luso anatengera mu dziko European. Zojambula Dzhotto Di Bondone ndi mayina a nkhani m'Baibulo zikuyendera. Koma izi si chizindikirochi. Izi wotchuka "Madonna wa Ognissanti", kuyikidwa mu Uffizi, ndi kupenta wa Giotto "Flight ku Egypt".

Kupereka otchulidwa m'Baibulo corporeality

Wolemba mbiri aluso Italy Dzhordzho Vazari limatiuza nthano zinalili pa nthawiyo, anali mwana wa Giotto, Cimabue wojambula. Ndipo m'nyumbayi pafupi ndi Uffizi lendewera zojambula awiri, awiri a Madonna - Madonna Madonna Cimabue ndi Giotto.

Pamene inu muyang'ana pa Madonnas awiri ndi kufanizira iwo, ngakhale inu simukudziwa kanthu za luso, mukhoza kuona kusiyana osati pakati aluso awiri, komanso pakati pa Nthawi awiri, pakati pa mfundo ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri. Inu mukuona kusiyana mtheradi. Inu mukumvetsa kuti ali maganizo osiyana kwambiri ndi dzikoli.

zojambula Cimabue modabwitsa woyengeka, kaso, tinganene kuti - osati wojambula Byzantine, akale ndi Gothic. yovula Madonna wake, modabwitsa okongola, zokongoletsera. Long zala, mikono yaitali musakhale mwana, ndi kukhala chizindikiro kuti iwo kusunga iye. nkhope yake AMAPEREKA ankadutsa kupenta Byzantine kum'maŵa ovomerezeka yopapatiza nkhope, maso yaitali, mphuno woonda, kukhumudwa maso ake. Izi lathyathyathya ethereal ovomerezeka makonzedwe kupenta zithunzi nawo. Osati munthu, osati mtundu wa umunthu ndi nkhope.

ikulendewera A pafupi ndi chizindikiro, kapena, nkuti, ali ndi chithunzi cha Giotto. Pa mpando wachifumu, wokometsedwa, wokongola wachifumu, mu kalembedwe kuti ndiye yekha chinaperekedwa, anasanduka yapamwamba. Izi wokometsedwa nsangalabwi. Mkazi wakhala yotakata-akugwa, wamphamvu, mnyamata, manyazi zonse tsaya. Mwamphamvu atagwira manja mwana. Wokongola shati yoyera. thupi umalimbikitsa mphamvu yake. Ndipo iye modekha akutiona. Nkhope yake palibe mavuto. Lodzala ndi ulemu mkulu anthu ndi mtendere. Izi si Madonna, si chithunzi cha Virgin. Iwo Madonna mu Italy lingaliro kenako ndi kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi. Kuti izo ziri, ndi Mariya, ndi dona wabwino.

Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti zimene anachita Giotto kupenta, kusungidwa luso European kuti impressionism. Iwo Giotto analenga chiyani chinenero chamakono amatchedwa zikuchokera. zikuchokera ndi chiyani? Umu ndi mmene chithunzicho amaona chiwembu, monga momwe iye angaganizire. Iye atenge mbali ya mboni, zochitika phwando. Iwo amalenga Musamadzinamize kuti munthu anali kumeneko.

Umwini wa ntchito chiwembu

Kuti ndi wojambula yekha ndi wolemba, wotsogolera ndi wosewera wa zojambula wake. chilengedwe chake - ndi mtundu wa zisudzo limene ochita sewero la zinthu ndi kutsogolera zisudzo izi - chithunzicho. "Ndinali kumeneko! Mawu kupereka, ndinali nawo, ndipo izo zinali zoona, "- anati analenga pafupifupi Giotto. Eya, akanakhalapo kwa akale malingaliro mfundo iyi!

Giotto Zikuoneka kuti ife munthu amene ali ndi udindo pa zimene analemba. Ndi zojambula ake monga "chipsopsono cha Yudasi" ndi "The Flight ku Egypt" - mural ichi, lolembedwa ndi yekha zochita.

Zojambula pakhoma zojambulidwa ndi chithunzicho

Mozungulira 1303 Giotto anali chidwi kupereka - kuti kujambula mpingo waung'ono, chomwe anachipanga mumzinda wa amapemphera mu Roma m'bwalomo. Wolemba mbiri ya Giotto, kapena kani, mmodzi wa biographers wake Dzhordzho Vazari masamba mfundo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Iye ananena kuti Giotto amapemphera anabwera kujambula mpingo nthawi yochepa patsogolo kampani yake, ndiye comrades. Mu njira yomweyo monga Middle Ages Andrei Rublev analemba anzake, mofanana ndi West wa mpingo zojambulidwa ndi wojambula ndi dzina lalikulu, comrades, ndiye ndi brigade wake luso. "Chipsopsono cha Yudasi" - mural, amene analemba yekha. N'kotheka, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zina amagwira mwamtheradi wa olemba monga "Utatu" Rublev, ndipo iye kwenikweni kwathunthu kuulula adzadziwire Giotto.

"Chipsopsono cha Yudasi": malongosoledwe a chithunzi

Ndipo pamene ife tiyang'ana pa mural "The chipsopsono cha Yudasi", nthawi yomweyo kusankha pamaso pa malo zikuchokera. Pamalowa, zochitika zazikulu zochititsa chidwi zimachitika. Ife tikuwona momwe Yudasi kukumbatirana Khristu, zimatenga izo. Ndipo Chiwerengerochi awiri - chapakati. Tingaone kumanja, monga mkulu wa ansembe analowa m'kachisi ku Yerusalemu. Iye akuloza Khristu. Ndipo pa madzere, tirikuona Mtumwi Petro, amene ngakhale anakana katatu tambala analira ndi katatu, koma anatulutsa mpeni mkate ndi kudula makutu awo. Timamuona ndi mpeni uwu chitaya Yuda, koma njira yake watsekedwa ndi khamu la anthu, ndiponso ngati titsatira malangizo a manja a mkulu wa ansembe ndi malangizo a mpeni, ife tikupeza kuti mizere converge pa chovwala wa Yudasi, monga pa nkhope zawo. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti mzinda wa zikuchokera sali ngakhale zidutswa ziwiri pamodzi, ndi nkhope ziwiri. Yomwe pathera chidwi kuwerenga zikuchokera izi.

Mphamvu ndi mphamvu

Nthawizonse pa Giotto kunena ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa ena: "Kodi anatsegula Giotto?". Mwachitsanzo, mu "Amarcord" Fellini, pamene mphunzitsi pa luso la kufunsa kuti analengedwa ndi Giotto, ophunzira anafuula mogwirizana kuti: "Ankanena Zokhudza Zinthu Zakuthambo". Ndi oseketsa kwambiri. Ndipotu palibe kaonedwe ka Giotto sanalengedwe. Izi ndi mfundo yolakwika. Iye sanalenge chiyembekezo ndi danga ina ya chithunzi, pamene danga amatanthauza kanthu kudzifutukula pamaso pa omvetsera.

Tione pa mural "The chipsopsono cha Yudasi". Pali gulu la anthu. Ndipo khamu anabwera usiku. Pa mdima miyuni kumwamba, moto lamanja ndi lamanzere. Mukumva kayendedwe ndi kumwamba. Pa mitambo bii magetsi, malawi kwanthawi mukumva chisangalalo ndi electrification cha khamu la anthu. Kodi chidwi mu khamu la anthu? The chakuti sanyalanyaza. Mu gulu ili, ngati inu yang'anitsitsani, cholinga pafupifupi ophunzira. Pali chabe zosaneneka anasamutsa boma.

Mnogovremonnost

Giotto anali woyamba komanso otsiriza. Iye, iwo amati, osati anapereka, komanso anaganiza nambala yaikulu mavuto, osati kupanga nyimbo, "Ine Giotto chisankho zoterezi kuona izi: kuno ndi zilembo mai, apa ndi kwayala wanga!", Ndipo pamene ntchito ndi maganizo pamene iye mapulogalamu zambiri kuchita zinthu mnogovremonnost.

Aliyense wa murals wake ndi Tinadabwa kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale adzadabwitsa. Kodi munthu ndi moyo popanda precedents, monga iwo amati, kupita ku ziro transcendent, kulengedwa kuchokera zikande masiku European luso, zikuchokera ngati kanthu kanthawi monga ubwenzi causal, alowerere nthawi yake inafikira ndi ochuluka zedi mithunzi maganizo?

Pomaliza

M'nkhaniyi, ife tiri kwambiri kapena zochepa mwatsatanetsatane zojambula awiri okha ndi Giotto wotchedwa "Yudasi kumpsompsona" ndi "Madonna wa Ognissanti." Mfiti, mukhoza amasirira wopandamalire. Iwo akhoza aone maola, koma moyo sikokwanila kulankhula za zonse ntchito za Giotto di Bondone, amene zojambula ankawagwiritsa ndi nthawi, ndipo anakhalabe mu nthawi. Onsewo - chilengedwe chachikulu cha wojambula ndi munthu uja anayamba kuchokera zikande.