Wotchuka French mbiri Fernand Braudel: yonena kuti mabuku abwino, ndipo mfundo zosangalatsa

Fernand Braudel - mmodzi wa olemba mbiri wotchuka French. Maganizo ake ndi kuganizira zinthu Hrs ndi chuma pamene kuganiza za njira zakale zasinthiratu sayansi. Ambiri Braudel chidwi ndi kubadwa kwa dongosolo capitalist. Komanso, wasayansi analowa historiographical "Annales" kusukulu, amene ankachita nawo maphunziro a zochitika m'mbiri yakale sayansi ndi chikhalidwe.

yonena

Anabadwa Fernand Braudel mu 1902, August 24, mu Lyumeville, pafupi Verdun. Iye anali mwana wa mphunzitsi m'mudzi, ndipo nthawi zina ubwana wake pa famu ndi agogo ake. Koma pokhala mu chikhalidwe yochepa ankakhala - mu 1908, Braudel kusuntha kwa Paris.

Mu 1913, wazambiriyakale wodzakhala mu Voltaire High School, limene bwinobwino maphunziro mu 1920 ndipo anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Sorbonne. Otchuka University of Paris mnyamata maphunziro mu 1923. Panthawi imeneyi wasankha yolumikizana zotsatira zawo ndi kuphunzitsa. Braudel ankafunitsitsa kupeza malo mu sukulu zapamwamba Bar-Le-Duc, amene anali pafupi ndi nyumba yake. Komabe, anazindikira sizichitika. Ndipo Fernand anapita mphunzitsi pa College kwa Algeria. nthawi iyi anali kuberekana kufufuza sayansi ndi pepala lake loyamba sayansi inafalitsidwa mu 1928. Panthawi imeneyi, anakumana ndi Paula, mkazi wakeyu. Komanso mbiri anafunika usilikali ku Germany, France gulu la anthu achilendo, kuyambira 1925 mpaka 1926.

Komabe, iye anachita kwa ntchito za sayansi. Wolemba mbiri wasankha kulemba nkhani yolembedwa pa mbiriyakale ya Spain, ngakhale malangizo a Sorbonne aphunzitsi kutenga nkhani zokhudzana ndi Germany. Mu 1927, atulukira Braudel wayamba. Iye akunena za zipangizo mbiri kusungidwa mu malaibulale a Salamanca, kuyendera malo otchuka wa Mediterranean, monga mzinda wa Dubrovnik ku Yugoslavia, omwe anasiya kwambiri umboni wa m'zaka XVI.

Bwererani ku Paris ndi msonkhano yovuta

Mu 1932, Fernand Braudel anabwerera ku Paris ndipo anakhala mphunzitsi wa Lyceum Condorcet, ndipo kenako - Lyceum a Henry IV. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba ubwenzi udzathera mu mgwirizano yaitali ndi pulofesa wina wa mbiri - Lucien Febvre. ntchito yaikulu kusewera ndi magazini analenga otsiriza mu 1929, "Annals za mbiri za chuma ndi chikhalidwe." Baibulo limeneli linali osati sayansi, koma mtundu wa chosintha, njira kuyambira kale ndikusinthidwa kafukufuku, omumvera ndi yekha Poona mbiri sayansi. Febvre izi, kuphunzira mbiriyakale, kulabadira nkhondo ndi mafumu osati, likukhalira kukhala pa mpando wachifumu, komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu wamba mu yamtendere. maganizo awa kwambiri anakhudzidwa Braudel ndiponso m'njira zambiri anakhala kutsogolera kwa kafukufuku wake.

Mu 1935 Braudel analandira kupereka kukhala pulofesa pa yunivesite ya São Paulo napita ku Brazil. Komabe, anakhala kumeneko kanthawi ndipo kale mu 1937 iye kunyumba, ndipo chaka chamawa anapambana mpando Paris École pratique des hautes études. Panthawi imeneyi, ndi kukula ubwenzi wake ndi Fevrenom, Braudel ndipo akusankha kulemba buku motsogozedwa ndi wina anadzipereka kwa nthawi akale ya Mediterranean. Koma chiyambi cha nkhondo kupewedwa malingaliro amenewo.

Mu 1939 Braudel ali asilikali a ku France. Ndipo chaka chamawa, wazambiriyakale akumugwira ndi imakhala zaka nkhondo m'ndende za a Nazi, choyamba Mainz, ndiye mu msasa wa chibalo pa gombe Baltic.

Nkhondo Itatha

Fernand Braudel, amene mabuku lero ali otchuka osati mwa mbiri yakale komanso mwa owerenga wamba, anamasulidwa pokhapokha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ndipo nthawi yomweyo anabwerera ku France. Apa, kunyumba anaikidwa lecturer pa Sorbonne. Mu 1947 Braudel bwenzi Febvre maziko a chigawo chachinayi cha École pratique des hautes études, ndi sayansi zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Ndalama gawo m'munsi Rockefeller Foundation. Mfundo nawonso mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Braudel.

Mu 1949, mbiri usiye Sorbonne ndipo anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti pa koleji de France. Pali anakagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali.

Mu 1956 afa Lyusen Fevr, ndi Braudel anakhala pulezidenti zochokera mnzake chigawo chachinayi cha Othandiza School. positi ndi wolemba mbiri amakhonza kugwira mpaka 1973. Komanso, Braudel ndipo mkonzi wamkulu zochokera Febvre, amene panthawiyo ankatchedwa "Annals. Economy. Company. Chitukuko. "

mabuku oyamba ndi "Nyumba ya Science"

Mu 1958 Braudel akupanga Nkhani methodological, limene lidzakhala lofunika kwambiri maganizo akewo. buku unkatchedwa "History ndi sayansi anthu."

Mu 1959, katswiri wa mbiri yakale ali ndi lingaliro kutsegula malo kafukufuku ndi laibulale. Iye ngakhale anabwera kwa dzina la malo - ". Nyumba ya sayansi ya anthu" Braudel kwenikweni umaunikira lingaliro, koma kukhazikitsa kunali kofunika kupeza ndalama zambiri. Iye zinatheka mu 1970 - anakhala kuthandizira ya Ford Foundation. Pambuyo kutsegula kwa "Nyumba" Braudel anakhala woyang'anira waukulu wa m'banja.

Izo sasiya ndi kafukufuku Fernand Braudel. Bizinesi - chilakolako chachikulu zaka zingapo. Wolemba mbiri kwambiri chidwi zifukwa a zodabwitsazi. Ndi lofunika kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi ndi zimene Braudel anaona chodabwitsa pa makona zachilendo. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, Iye analipira lalikulu "wauzimu" mtengo kuti mudziwe miyambo sayansi - miyoyo ya nzika wamba.

Mu 1967, zikuoneka pa maalumali wa Mabukunso gawo loyamba la imodzi mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za anthu amene analemba Fernand Braudel. "Zinthu Zofunika chitukuko" anali bwino pakati mbiri yakale koma wolemba yekha sanakhutire kwathunthu ndi anaifalitsa. Choncho, izi zikutengedwa akamaliza bukhu. ntchito molimba itha mu 1979. Buku la Baibulo chomaliza lonse ntchito atatu a buku.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Mu 1970 Braudel wasiya "Annals" mkonzi wamkulu chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi antchito atsopano. Iye ali membala mwadzina la gulu lotsogolera mabuku. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo akuona kuti palibe zochepa woyenera ntchito Fernand Braudel. Mabuku, nkhani za sayansi, kasamalidwe "Nyumba ya Science" - kuti ndi zimene wolemba mbiri amaganiziranso nthawi yake yonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anayamba kugwira ntchito pa ntchito Mipikisano buku "Kuzindikira France." Komabe, ntchito ili kuti, mwatsoka, kodi sakwanitsa kumaliza.

mbiri wotchuka, maphunziro njira yake kum'mwera kwa France, m'tauni yaing'ono otchedwa Cote d'Azur, 28 November 1985.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Ali ku ukapolo German, Fernand Braudel anakwanitsa kumaliza nkhani yolembedwa ake, odzipereka ku Mediterranean nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Philip II. Ntchito imeneyi anateteza wazambiriyakale 1947 ndipo anatsegula njira naye mu sayansi yaikulu. zaka zisanu mu ukapolo, iye anagwira popanda magwero aliyense zolembalemba, kulemba pa nyenyeswa za pepala.

Braudel mphatso kupeza asayansi luso. Chotero iye anali wokhoza, angathe kunena kubweretsa otchuka izi mu dziko la sayansi, monga M. Ferro, G. Duby, F. Foriya J. Rivelya ndi zina zotero.

Fernand Braudel: "France Kodi '

Ntchito imeneyi ndi ntchito atsopano wazambiriyakale. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali ndi pakati monga chiyambi cha mndandanda lalikulu mabuku zoyenera France kwawo. Mbali imeneyi ya mkombero imakhala ndi mabuku awiri. The woyamba amatchedwa "Space ndi History", wachiwiri - "Anthu ndi Zinthu".

Izi Braudel ntchito angatchedwe Insaikulopediya wapadera France. Pano mukhoza kupeza mumve zambiri zokhudza mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko, za chikhalidwe mitundu ndi abwino a mumzindawo. Kuwerenga buku lino, zitha amagoma ndi mmene bwino kuphunzira Braudel kwawo.

"Zinthu Zofunika chitukuko, chuma ndi bizinesi"

Izi ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Braudel, kuphimba nthawi kuchokera XV m'ma XVIII ndipo limafotokoza mbiri chuma dziko. Ndi mbiri nkhani kutchuka. Komanso, mankhwala amatchedwa kupambana wapamwamba wa French sukulu mbiri "Annals" chifukwa zili ndi mfundo ya sukulu - phunziro la mbiri m'pofunika kuti lithe mbali zonse za anthu.

Mbali yoyamba, "The nyumba za tsiku ndi tsiku"

Kumene, ntchito chachikulu ichi sanathe anapereka buku limodzi, kotero kugawidwa mu zidutswa zitatu zazikulu Fernand Braudel. "The nyumba za tsiku ndi tsiku" - dzina ili ndi buku loyamba. Pali phunziro mwatsatanetsatane mbali ya zachuma ya moyo wa anthu m'nthawi ya kusintha yapadera ndi zikamera wa bizinesi. bukuli zoyenera opita kwa moyo zakuthupi. Atamaliza kuliwerenga, inu mukhoza kuwona momwe anthu anakhalako Ages Middle ndi kubadwa kwa masiku ano, osati Europe koma kupitirira. Ine mbamphedza zitsanzo Fernand Braudel. "The nyumba za tsiku ndi tsiku" zochuluka confirmations zosiyanasiyana ndi ochokera Mfundo za nthawi, zimveke kuwerenga ndipo zimapangitsa buku Kufikika osiyanasiyana owerenga.

Gawo lachiwiri la "Game kugawana"

gawo ili chikuchita ndi malonda a Ages Middle. Braudel limafotokoza pafupifupi onse zinthu za kuthengo izi: ntchito ya malonda, malonda limatchula kutali, kuwombola lonse, ngongole cantors. Wolemba mbiri ikusonyeza momwe ntchito mabungwe awa zimakhudza moyo wa anthu onse. Msika chuma - kuti Nkhani yaikulu m'buku lino.

The gawo lachitatu la "Nthawi World"

Buku lino ndi gawo lachitatu la trilogy wotchuka, lolembedwa ndi Fernand Braudel. "Nthawi ya Mtendere" - ikulongosola za mbiri za chuma cha dziko. wolemba waipereka monga angapo osiyana-ulamuliro wa zachuma, amene amaphatikizidwa kamodzi mungoli. Iye ri zimayambitsa ya kudza ndi kugwa kwa chuma awa, ndipo limafotokoza malingaliro waukulu akhala akufuna m'mbali kale.