Vodika: zikuchokera. Mipweya ndi zakudya mtengo wa mowa wamphamvu

Vodika mwina wotchuka kwambiri kumwa zonse chakudya ndi chikondwerero. Amakhala ethyl mowa, amene lidzayeretsedwa ku zodetsa, wasukuluka ndi madzi. Mowa wamphamvu, amene zikuchokera ayenera kukhala ndi 40 peresenti mowa, akhale ndi zina. Kawirikawiri chipatso ichi, zipatso, zokometsera ndi zosakaniza zina. The digiri yapamwamba ya chiyeretso akutitsogolera kuti mankhwala mosiyana analogi, sayambitsa hangovers. Koma uyu yekha mowa wamphamvu, zikuchokera amene moona angatchedwe Mkhalidwe.

A mbiri pang'ono

Tsiku lenileni la chiyambi cha chakumwa si. Koma nthawi zoyerekeza lobadwa tinganene kuti 14-15 atumwi. Izo zinachitika pa malire a boma la Russia. Choncho, zonena zonse za mayiko ena alibe mphamvu. Mu 1982, chigamulo maiko ambiri akhala anazindikira chakumwa ndi kale Russian. M'zaka 14 akazembe Genoese anabweretsa Russian vinyo mowa. Izi maziko a zakumwa zonse zodziwika ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. chakumwa A zinalengedwa Russia pa maziko a ethyl mowa, amene walandira dzina "mowa wamphamvu". M'zaka za m'ma 15, yokolola wafika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse. Tumizani mavinyo ku Byzantium ndinayima. Ndi nthawi kusintha kupanga mowa. Mogwirizana ndi mbiri ndi nthano kunena, za 1430 wansembe wa Chudov analenga Chinsinsi lodalirika Russian mowa wamphamvu. Kuchita izi, iye anali mbali zonse: chidziwitso ndi zida. Koma Mendeleev anayambitsa mfundo ndi chikhazikitso pa botolo - 40%. Iye sikuli kwa Kutulukira mowa wamphamvu. Iye anapanga iwo ndipo anapanga khalidwe kapangidwe setifiketi.

Katundu wa vodika wabwino

Osati mowa wamphamvu zonse, zimene mungapeze pa maalumali angatchedwe Mkhalidwe. Izi zidalira pa Mlengi ndi zosakaniza ntchito. Kodi mtundu wa zizindikiro ayenera mankhwala khalidwe liti? Choyamba, ndi wosaoneka, wapadera kununkhira. A mankhwala abwino alibe fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala. Kachiwiri, ndi kukoma wofatsa. The zikuchokera mowa wamphamvu ndi kupanga wake amafunika zamakono zonse. Mtundu wa mankhwala ndi ma CD ake akunena. Nkhata Bay ndi kapu liyenera kugwirizana snugly kwa botolo, ndi stamped ndi tsiku bottling - bwino legible. Pansi pa botolo sayenera precipitate. The zikuchokera olondola a mowa wamphamvu limachititsa kuti oyera, chakumwa bwino. zili kale loipa la botolo limasonyeza ntchito madzi osauka-quality, kapena kukhalapo zosafunika. chizindikiro ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zokhudza Mlengi, adiresi yake ndi kachidindo ongokhala manambala 7-10. Ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zokhudza chitsimikizo ndi kupanga chilolezo.

The zikuchokera vodika

Kudziwa khalidwe ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri ntchito kupanga. The zikuchokera mowa wamphamvu, ngati inu simupita ku ndizosowa zimapangidwira, ndi madzi ndi mowa. Kawirikawiri ntchito mitundu itatu ya mowa. Mtundu woyamba lachokera ku chimanga kapena mbatata, ndipo ali ndi digiri yapamwamba ya chiyeretso. Komanso pali mitundu ndi mwanaalirenji owonjezera, opangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu anasankha. Yotsirizira awiri amaonedwa yabwino. Umagwira ntchito yotamandika ndipo khalidwe madzi. opanga zabwino ake m'mbuyomu mwayeretsa ku salt ndi zosafunika. Ngati phukusi ndi nkhani kukonza siliva, akulankhula za madzi abwino. Ngati chizindikiro akuti "Woyeretsedwa mkaka", amanena zambiri chomaliza mankhwala.

Mlingo wa kuyeretsedwa mowa

The mowa wabwino amapangidwa kuchokera chisakanizo cha mbewu ndi mbatata kapena aliyense pophika payokha. Komanso Mwaichi, mchewere, shuga Beet ndi shuga yaiwisi. Pali osiyanasiyana digiri ya chiyeretso mowa. The mankhwala a kalasi yoyamba peresenti 96 a linga la. Apamwamba kuyeretsa mlingo zikuphatikizapo peresenti 96,2%. Mitundu kwambiri mowa - zopezeka ndi Maapatimenti - ali, motero, 96,5 ndi peresenti 69,3. Komanso kusiyanitsa zachipatala ndi anhydrous kwambiri mowa.

Iwo ayeretsedwa ndi madzi

The zikuchokera vodika zikuphatikizapo madzi kuvomerezedwa. Koma izi si madzi wamba kwa mpopi, ndi wapadera, free zosafunika. Madzi ndi abwino kupanga mowa wamphamvu, chifukwa m'pofunika kuchotsa mchere. Ndondomeko imeneyi lililonse limatisokoneza. Nthawi zina m'pofunika kuyeretsa madzi kwathunthu ku zinthu zonse. Pambuyo kuti ladzala ndi microelements. Njira imeneyi ntchito yopanga madzi akumwa ndi madzi mchere. Choncho, nkhani ayeretsedwe siliva limasonyeza patsogolo madzi ndi ayoni wa zitsulo.

zina

opanga ambiri anayambitsa mu Russian vodika zigawo zina kapena zina. Izi zimachitika pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, ndi chokhumba kuunikila wanu mankhwala ndi kuzipanga izo zapadera. Mpikisano mu msika wa mowa ndi lalikulu ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse kumenyera ufulu ogula. Chachiwiri, ambiri zosakaniza zina yeretsani mowa wamphamvu, kupanga zimamveka lililonse limatisokoneza. Izi bwino khalidwe la mankhwala. Ndipo chinthu otsiriza, koma osati kwambiri zosangalatsa, akuyesera kubisa zolakwa za mowa wamphamvu, kukoma kwake zoipa ndi khalidwe. Choncho, cholinga pa zolozerazi kapena ayi, ndi pawekha. The Gawo, amene ntchito monga zina ndi citric acid, uchi, mkaka waufa, shuga, soda, asidi acetic ndi permanganate potaziyamu. Anthu ena opanga ntchito ndi sodium nthochi ndi sodium wochuluka hydrogencarbonate. Kusankha zowonjezera zimatengera mtundu kapena mtundu wa mowa wamphamvu. Nthawi zambiri ntchito uchi. Iwo kutumikiridwa mu zikuchokera mowa wamphamvu ndi diluting ndi madzi woyera. chigawo Izi zimapangitsa mankhwala lililonse limatisokoneza.

gulu la vodika

Malinga chiwerengero cha "liwiro" vodika ali m'magulu anayi. Izi 40, 45, 50 ndi 56 peresenti. m'munda wa mowa akatswiri muchigawane zambiri makalasi anayi: zachuma, muyezo, umafunika ndi wapamwamba umafunika. Makalasi awiri otsiriza - ichi zakumwa osankhika. Iwo yodziwika ndi zabwino kwambiri ndi mtengo wapamwamba. Kukonzekera awo amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu kwambiri mowa ndi madzi mosamala mwayeretsa. Pa kufufuza khalidwe la mowa wamphamvu amagwiritsa magulu awiri zizindikiro. Choyamba - ichi ndi zinthu kwenikweni, monga fungo, momveka ndi kukoma. Gulu lachiwiri - mawunikidwe zizindikiro. Pali kuchititsa zasayansi zofufuza ndi kudziwa alkalinity, pamaso pa zodetsa ndi kuchuluka zili mowa.

Aqua mbiri regia

Malongosoledwe loyamba Aqua regia anaonekera m'zaka 14. acid amathiridwa sanali kudziwika kwa anthu. njira yopangira chakumwa distillation anapereka alum kusakaniza sulphate mkuwa, mankhwala enaake ammonium ndi nitrate ammonium. Njira ya chiwiri - kusokonezeka a nitric ndi hydrochloric acid, limafotokonzera 1597 godu alchemist Andreas Libavius. Ndiyamika Aqua regia anatha kupanga ambiri kufufuza mu alchemy, panali kukula kwa kudziwa za zochita mankhwala ndi zinthu.

Katundu Aqua regia

Kodi Aqua regia? Zikuchokera zidulo mu chakumwa adzakupatsani ndi katundu wina. Aqua regia - chisakanizo cha zidulo awiri, nitric ndi hydrochloric acid, mu chiŵerengero cha munthu zitatu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa oxidants wamphamvu. Khalidwe limeneli kuwonetseredwa kupyolera nitrosyls mankhwala enaake. Mwatsopano anakonza "mowa wamphamvu" colorless. A kanthawi kenako iye afika lalanje kulocha. The amadziwika chifukwa cha mafuta ndi fungo lamphamvu la chlorine ndi asafe woipa. osakaniza kukonzekera asanalankhule ntchito. Aqua regia lopangidwa zidulo, tafotokoza pamwambapa, pa nthawi wotaya oxidizing ake katundu ndi linawola.

Ntchito Aqua regia

Kodi kumwa ntchito? Aqua regia, zikuchokera, ntchito zosiyana kwa ntchito ochiritsira mowa, ntchito Laboratories monga reagent a. Izo ntchito kukonza glassware ku zinthu organic. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa kusanthula chitsulo chabwinocho kukonzekera chlorides zitsulo mu zina zatsopano. The mankhwala zikuchokera vodika achifumu amalola kupasuka zitsulo layamba, pulatinamu, palladium ndi golidi, ngakhale firiji. Gold dissolves Aqua regia pa 10 m / min. Pakuti etching ruthenium amafuna oxygen. zigawo ziwiri izi chifukwa cha kupanga geksahlororutenievuyu acid. Izo sizingakhoze kusungunuka Aqua regia siliva. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe padziko mankhwala enaake filimu siliva. Ndi kugonjetsedwa zidulo zitsulo zosiyana siyana monga titaniyamu, tantalum, zirconium, chromium, niobium ndi hafnium.

Aqua regia, zikuchokera, ntchito zimene takambiranazi, si ntchito wambiri!

mankhwala Bolotov

ambiri akuchita chidwi ndi nkhani basamu Bolotov. Amadziwika kuti chisakanizo cha asidi moyikirapo - nitric ndi hydrochloric - ndi Aqua regia. Zikuchokera Bolotovu - njira ofooka. Basamu, zomwe zakonzedwa mu pharmacies, lolingana peresenti 3 yankho la acid amathiridwa. Choncho, alibe mavuto aakulu pa m'mimba anthu ndipo anatengedwa pakamwa. Kodi zimakhudza ali malo ili pa thupi la munthu?

Chidulo sulfuric amasungunula minofu connective ndi yosintha mucopolysaccharides shuga. M'mawu ena, amasungunula maselo akale ndi bwino chimbudzi. asidi nitric bwino zopangitsa adrenal ndi boosts mlingo wa zikuwonjezereka masiku ano. Komanso, pali bwino selo zakudya kungathandize kwambiri mmene ya pyruvic acid. Bolotov basamu kumathandiza kuti mapangidwe mu thupi la mavitamini ndi amino zidulo, ndi kubweretsa mamolekyulu mapuloteni. Iwo ali zotsatira zopindulitsa pa njira zonse mu thupi, ndiponso kupewa kutupa. Basamu ali ntchito zingapo. Choyamba, kuwonjezeka kumeneku chiwerengero cha maselo atsopano. Kachiwiri, izi slagging kuchepetsa thupi, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa poizoni mu mchere ndi kuchotsa iwo m'thupi. Chachitatu - zimativuta ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi chiwalo kusinthika.

"Russian Standard"

Anakhazikitsidwa mu 1998 kampani kwa kupanga mowa ndi Mlengi yaikulu m'munda umenewu. Vodika "Russian Standard" - chakumwa kuti amapangidwa Mabaibulo angapo pa fakitale St. Petersburg. Pa mzere pano tichipeza mitundu yambiri ya "Ufumu", "pachiyambi", "Platinum" ndi "Russian Gold Standard". mitundu yonse zikusonyeza mtundu wa katundu wapadera ndi makhalidwe. mankhwala angatchedwe moona zabwino. The zikuchokera mowa wamphamvu "Russian Standard" imakhala yokha zosakaniza apamwamba. Kagwiridwe kupanga akukumana amafuna zamakono zonse. Kuti yabwino kupanga tirigu wamkulu pa Chernozemye ndi madzi - kuchokera gwero mobisa, amene olumikizidwa kwa Ladoga. Ndi zofewa wokoma kukoma kumwa, woyenera olemekezeka.

Vodika "Beluga"

"Beluga" - vodika umafunika. chakumwa angatchedwe imodzi yabwino pa maalumali wathu. Vodika "Beluga", zikuchokera amene angatchedwe wangwiro, lili uchi zachilengedwe, mkaka nthula Tingafinye ndi oat groats. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku mowa apamwamba kwambiri ndiponso madzi kuchokera ku akasupe artesian. chakumwa udzathiridwa mu mabotolo, chopangidwa mu France. Iriyonse ali chokongoletsedwa ndi chizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a nsomba ndipo hermetically losindikizidwa, pakamwapo woyera.

Kupereka mmalo zakumwa amphamvu, kusankha yekha mankhwala apamwamba. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti kwambiri kumwa mowa wamphamvu zimabweretsa zotsatira sizingasinthe.