Van't Hoff Chinthu

Isotonic njira - gulu wapadera njira, amene yodziwika ndi kuthamanga osmotic. Ndi yofunika kwambiri, zomwe yodziwika ndi madzimadzi mu thupi, monga: madzi a m'magazi, misozi, lymph, ndi zina zotero. zakumwa zonsezi postoyannoem kuthamanga m'chigawo cha 7.4 ATM. Choncho, ngati jekeseni thupi anayambitsa, kuthamanga osmotic wa madzi lidzasweka, monga lidzasweka bwino ofanana.

Kuti akonze njira, muyenera kupanga ena kuwerengetsera. Njira yotchuka kwambiri ya yonyamula sikuti ndi van't Hoff chinthu isotonic. Ndi izo, munthu kuwerengetsa isotonic njira ndende ya mankhwala osungunula, omwe si electrolyte. Kuthamanga osmotic, kuchuluka kwa njira, ndi kudalira kwake kutentha ndi makamaka amene anasonyeza Clapeyron aone kuti pali. Izo ntchito ndi kulemekeza kuchepetsa njira, monga malinga ndi lamulo la van't Hoff, zinthu kusungunuka mu madzi adzadzikuza chimodzimodzi monga mpweya ndi chifukwa kwa iwo ntchito malamulo onse otchedwa mpweya.

Van't Hoff chinthu - ichi sichina, ngati chizindikiro, amene amadziwika khalidwe la zinthu mu njira iliyonse. Ponena za lofanana n'zosangalatsa kumva za Van't Hoff chinthu wofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha ophunzira chipitirire Collegiate katundu phindu wogwidwa ndi yankho ku chomwecho katundu nonelectrolyte, ndi ndende yomweyo, pamene magawo ena onse kukhala sichinasinthe.

Tanthauzo thupi la koyefishienti isotonic zimaonekeratu kuchokera tanthauzo lililonse chizindikiro Collegiate. Onse a iwo amadalira ndende ya thunthu mu njira tinthu. Nonelectrolytes sadzakhala kumenya mu dissociation anachita Komabe, aliyense molekyulu umodzi wa thunthu adzakhala pa tinthu. Electrolytes, m'kati solvation mwina kwathunthu kapena pang'ono apasuke mu ayoni, motero kupanga particles angapo. Iwo likukhalira kuti katundu colligative kudzadalira chiwerengero cha particles zili mitundu m'menemo osiyana, i.e. ayoni. Choncho, isotonic koyefishienti adzakhala osakaniza njira zosiyanasiyana mtundu uliwonse wa tinthu. Ngati tikambirana njira ya oyeretsa izo Tingaone kuti tichipeza mitundu itatu particles: cations kashiamu hypochlorite, komanso mankhwala enaake - anions. Isotonic koyefishienti kudzasonyeza kuti electrolyte njira ali particles kuposa omwe sanali electrolyte njira. Koyefishienti akudalira ngati chinthu ng'ambidwa mu ayoni - ndi wina kuposa dissociation katundu.

Popeza electrolytes wolimba kwathunthu poyera njira dissociation, n'chofunikira kuganiza kuti Van't Hoff Chinthu mu nkhani iyi ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha ayoni ali molekyulu ndi. Komabe, kwenikweni kufunika koyefishienti nthawi zonse pasanathe mtengo, masamu ntchito Eq. Zimenezi ndi otsendereka 1923 ndi Debye ndi Hiickel. Iwo anakonza chiphunzitso cha electrolytes amphamvu kuti: ayoni sadzakhala ndi mavuto kusuntha, monga adzakhala kupanga solvation chipolopolo. Komanso, iwo kuchita ndi mzake, zikubweretsa kenako mapangidwe ngati gulu kukakhala mbali mwa njira. Izi otchedwa amaayoni kucheza ndi ion awiriawiri. njira zonse zidzachitika mwa njira zina ngati lili particles ochepa.

Mogwirizana kwa ayoni akuyamba kuchepa mphamvu monga kutentha adzauka komanso kuchepa maganizo awo. Onse chifukwa chakuti mu choncho kuchepetsedwa ndi Mwina chokumanako particles osiyana mu njira.