Universal chopanda malire ndalama m'mayiko EU ndi Russia

ndalama chopanda malire ndi maonekedwe a chitetezo chikhalidwe, imene nzika zonse ndi anthu a dziko zonse kulandira ndalama ku boma kapena ku bungwe lina lililonse la ena onse kuwonjezera pa kuthekera kwa zasungidwa. Ngati ndi choncho kudzera zosakwana osachepera mlingo ang'onoang'ono, amaona tsankho. ndalama chopanda malire ndi kiyi zikuluzikulu za zitsanzo zambiri lamadyerero msika. Kuikiradi mfundo waima Filipp Van Parijs, Eylsa Makkey, André Gorz, Gillel Shtayner, Peter Vallentyne ndi Guy Chakhalapo.

mizu mbiri

Zokambirana za kufunika oyamba a ndalama chilengedwe chopanda malire inayamba mu Europe mu 1970-1980 a. Zinali mwina chifukwa kutsutsana mu United States ndi Canada. nkhani pang'onopang'ono anayamba ayankhidwa m'mayiko onse otukuka, Latin America, ku Middle East ndipo ngakhale m'mayiko ena mu Africa ndi Asia. Alaska Permanent Fund ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino za malipiro chopanda malire ndalama, ngakhale tsankho. machitidwe otere zotchinjiriza moyo kulibe mu Brazil, Macau ndi Iran. Kuweta ndalama woyendetsa ntchito anali zagwiridwa mu United States ndi Canada mu 1960 ndi 1970, Namibia (2008) ndipo mu India (kuyambira 2010). Ku Ulaya, pali njira ndale kuyesa kugwiritsa iwo mu France, Netherlands ndi Finland. Mu 2016 ku Switzerland msonkhano referendum pa nkhani, koma 77% ya anthu amene anavota mokutsutsani oyamba a ndalama ndi chopanda malire.

magwero a ndalama

Pamene Milton Friedman ndi chuma oyambirira ena akufuna msonkho zoipa, izo ankakhulupirira kuti dongosolo njila kungachepetse bureaucracy ndi kudzabadwira zikamera ndalama yothetseratu aliyense wokhalamo. Gululi lingaliro ili kulimbikitsa "wobiriwira", ena Nazi, feminists ndi otchedwa Wakuba phwando. Oyimira a sukulu zosiyanasiyana zachuma anapereka ndalama polojekiti m'njira zosiyanasiyana. The Nazi ankakhulupirira kuti kuonetsetsa ndalama chopanda malire chilengedwe chingapezeke mwa umwini poyera njira yopanga ndi zachilengedwe. "Malamulo" Mwachitsanzo, Friedman ankakhulupirira kuti muyenera lowetsani dongosolo njila msonkho. Green anapereka njira mwini. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti ndalama chopanda malire akhoza ndalama likuvutika misonkho zachilengedwe. Mwa njira zina ndalama yaikulu kwa onse angatchedwe mwapang'onopang'ono dongosolo la VAT, ndi kusintha ndalama.

mapulogalamu woyendetsa

Chitsanzo bwino kwambiri chakuti osachepera tsankho ndalama chopanda malire akhoza anayambitsa, ndi Alaska Permanent Fund. Mofananamo ukugwira Bolsa Familia dongosolo mabanja osauka Brazil. Mapulogalamu ena woyendetsa monga:

• Zatsopano ndi msonkho zoipa mu United States ndi Canada mu 1960 ndi 1970.
• The polojekiti Namibia yomwe inayamba mu 2008.
• Kuyesera ku Brazil kuyambira 2008.
• Indian ntchito yomwe inayamba mu 2011.
• Perekani Mwachindunji kuyamba Kenya ndi Uganda. Kumafuna kutumiza thandizo lachifundo kudzera mafoni kuti anthu ali pa umphawi wadzaoneni.
• Kafukufuku akumidzi a North Carolina mu United States.

Mu Germany ntchitoyi nawo anthu 26, omwe boma limalipira ndi mwezi € 1,000. Kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2019 aliyense wokhala Finland adzamva analipira wina kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimenezo.

Bulgaria

Kumapeto kwa March 2013 Fund The Blue Mbalame Foundation anaphunzira za "kanthu mfulu European kwa ndalama mopanda malire" ndipo anaganiza nawo ntchito imeneyi. Tony Badzhdarov akufuna chitsanzo mabuku kwa Bulgaria. Gwero la ndalama pakuti ayenera kutumikira monga ndalama mwayekha kubwerera kwa VAT ndi ntchito excise. Gulu walenga pamalo ake ndipo masamba pa Intaneti. Kampeni anali ikulengezedwa pa wailesi dziko ndi yapansi panthaka. Fund anakwanitsa kufika thandizo mayanjano zingapo ndi mabungwe malonda. Initiative mu kuponya mavoti Intaneti anathandiza mbiri chiwerengero cha anthu. Mu December 2014 panali woyamba achipani, zimene zinaphatikizapo oyamba ndalama chopanda malire pulogalamu yake. Iyo imatchedwa "Chibugariya Union for Democracy mwachindunji" ndi kumenyera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi moyo wolemekezeka.

United Kingdom

Mu UK, ndi chopanda malire ndalama zofunika kwa nzika iliyonse - izo kalekale nkhani zokambirana. Pakuti anachita Dennis Milner mu 1920s ndi. Masiku ano, ambiri a zipani zandale kapena United Ufumu osaganizira lingaliro ili, kapena kutsutsana nawo. Komabe, pali Gululi ankapeza popanda chifukwa. "Scottish National Party" pa msonkhano m'chaka cha 2016 anaitana m'malo a dongosolo alipo zotchinjiriza moyo. "Pakuti" analimbikitsidwa ndi ena mwa magulu ena andale. Ena mwa iwo ndi "wobiriwira", ndi Nazi ku Scotland, "achifwamba" ya United Kingdom. Mu February 2016 Dzhon Makdonnell anati oyamba a ndalama zofunika imatengedwa Labour Party.

Germany

Germany komanso kuyambira chiyambi cha 1980s ndi kuganiza mmene kukhazikitsa ndalama popanda chifukwa. Germany ali angoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito, imene anthu 26 nawo. Pa zaka oyamba a ndalama chopanda malire dziko anali chabe asayansi angapo, monga Claus Offe. Komabe, pambuyo kukonza ndi bungwe la nduna Gerharda Shredera m'chaka 2003-2005, mu Germany pali mbali ya lingaliro ili. Pamsonkhano 2009th wa Nyumba ya Malamulo mwamvera Suzanne Vayst - mayi wokhala pakhomo, pempho lomwe wabweza 52973 mavoti. Mu 2010, Germany linakhazikitsa zitsanzo zochepa za ndalama mtheradi, yaikulu - mu Berlin. Kuyambira 2011 "kuti" chiyambi cha mchitidwewo, "Pirate Party". Mkhristu aliyense magulu ena andale kuwathandiza mfundo ndalama popanda chifukwa.

Netherlands

ndalama chopanda malire mwamphamvu kutsutsana kuyambira mu 1970 mpaka mu 1990. Poyamba, zokambirana anali anayambitsa ndi zachuma Leo Yansenom mu 1975. Mawu oyamba a ndalama ndi chopanda malire anali m'gulu pulogalamu masankho a ndale kwakukulu Party. Mu zaka zapitazi 10, funso anaukitsidwa kamodzi kokha. Mu 2006, mtsogoleri wa "wobiriwira" Femke Halsema waphatikizapo oyamba a ndalama chopanda malire pulogalamu wake chisankho. mzinda wa Utrecht, anthu chachinayi yaikulu mu dziko, anapezerapo ntchito woyendetsa ndege. Komabe, ndalama mtheradi ziperekedwe yekha kuti anthu amene ali kale madalitso. About 30 Mizinda panopa komanso kuganizira kuti n'zotheka kukhazikitsa ntchito yotero.

Chopanda malire ndalama Finland

"Center", mmodzi wa zinayi maphwando waukulu ndale mu dziko, komanso "Kumanzere Alliance" ndi "Green League", mokomera kumayambiriro lingaliro ili. Mu May 2015, chaka choyamba boma anaganiza kuti atchule ndalama popanda chifukwa. Finland adzakhala dziko yoyamba imene onse adzalandira zaka ziwiri ndi ndalama kuyambira 2017.

France

Ndalama chopanda malire zofunika imatengedwa ngati lingaliro kwa 1970 ndi. Komatu mu 2015 nyumba yamalamulo dera Aquitaine anakuvoterani umwana wake. Mu January 2016 ndi anthu kafukufuku thupi pa nkhani digito Lipoti limene yovomereza kuchita kuyesera. kafukufuku wina anasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri anali mu mtima wa kupereka ndalama chopanda malire zofunika kwa anthu onse.

Switzerland: referendum

Ndalama chopanda malire zofunika akhala ayankhidwa dziko. Switzerland ali kuyanjana BIEN-Switzerland ndi gulu Grundeinkommen, ndi mokomera ndikukhazikitsa lingaliro ili. Mu 2006, Katswiri Zhan Zigler otchedwa chopanda malire ndalama ku Switzerland, chimodzi mwa maganizo kwambiri patsogolo. Mu 2008 Daniel Hani ndi Enno Schmidt anapanga filimu imene iye anayesa kundifotokozera ubwino kukhazikitsa mfundo imeneyi. Zimangooneka anthu oposa 400 zikwi. anthu ambiri kumuyamikila kwambiri mu German- ndi mayiko oyankhula Chifalansa akhala kumbali ya lingaliro. Mu April 2012, ndalama mtheradi ku Switzerland anali mutu wa kanthu otchuka malamulo. Kampeni anatha kusonkhanitsa zofunika 126.000 anasaina. A referendum ku Switzerland pa ndalama chopanda malire unachitikira mu June 5, 2016. Zoposa 77% ya anthu akana kulandira franc 2500 mwezi.

Russia

Anthu ambiri a Russian anakantha uthenga kuti Swiss anakana kulandira ndalama chabe. Nthawi yomweyo funso linauka ngati ndalama mtheradi ku Russia ndi zotheka? Pakati pa kuipa dongosolo ngati a chikhalidwe chitetezo si kuwonjezeka katundu msonkho pa nzika za dziko ndi kuchepetsa wofuna ntchito, komanso ambiri a alendo. Switzerland wakhala akufuna kukhazikitsa ndalama ndi chopanda malire a franc 2,500, ndi pafupifupi theka la malipiro pafupifupi. Ngati inu ntchito njira imeneyi aziwerenga Russia, apa zingakhale za 10,000 rubles. Popeza July 1, malipiro osachepera adzakhala 7500 chokha, mtengo wa moyo ndi kuchepetsa. Choncho, pali anthu ambiri amene amafuna "pakhomo". Malinga ndi akatswiri, kumayambiriro ndalama chopanda malire Russia zitha yotithandiza kufufuma, chifukwa malipiro sati mwakukonda ndi akulimbana kwa anthu pachiopsezo. Komabe, pali mfundo ina ya view. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti kumayambiriro ankapeza chopanda malire adzalola anthu kuchita ntchito yawo. Ndipo akhoza kukhala yaikulu amadza abwino yaitali. Mwina anthu adzayamba kuchita kafukufuku lofunika kwambiri. Ndipo Russia kaye kwa mofulumira kusintha sayansi. Kapena chuma chopanda malire kungathandize anthu kuchita ntchito kulenga. Motero, m'pofunika kuchita kuyesa mu Russia mkati limodzi mzinda kapena chandamale gulu.

kutsutsa

German yamalamulo, bungwe anakambirana oyamba ndalama chilengedwe ndi chopanda malire ankaona unfeasible ntchito. Ndi kuika patsogolo mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Iye adzachititsa kuchepetsa kwambiri wofuna ntchito mwa nzika wamba, amene nawonso, kutsogolera zotsatira sizimadziwika kuti chuma.
• Tiyenera malizitsani kukonzanso kwa misonkho, zotchinjiriza moyo penshioni ndalama, Izi zidzapangitsa kuti ndalama kwambiri.
• Panopa German dongosolo mtima kwambiri chifukwa ndi zambiri zogwirizana. Kuchuluka kwa chithandizo sipakhala mwamphamvu ndipo zimadalira malo azachuma atha. Kwa ena magulu osatetezeka ndalama chopanda malire kungakhale kosakwanira moyo.
• Kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi kudzakuthandizani kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa alendo.
• Iye zikuphatikizapo patsogolo chuma mthunzi.
• Kuwonjezeka lolingana msonkho zidzapangitsa kuti lochitira kwambiri chifukwa kudumphira mitengo zakudya zofunikira zimene kumawonjezera udindo ndalama ya anthu osauka.
• Ngakhale mu Germany sanapeze njira yotheka ndalama oyamba a ndalama chilengedwe popanda chifukwa.

Monga mukuonera, Germany ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo Russia, funso wotseguka.