Thupi la munthu. Anatomy ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa limba la masomphenya

Thupi lathu interacts ndi chilengedwe kudzera m'njira, kapena analyzers. Ndi thandizo lawo, anthu ali wokhoza kuti "kumva" dziko kunja, chifukwa cha zokumana nazo zimenezi, iye ali mwapadera chinyezimiro - kudziona kuzindikira, zilandiridwenso, luso kuoneratu zochitika, etc ...

Kodi parser?

Malinga I. P. Pavlovu, aliyense chowunikira (ndipo ngakhale chiwalo cha masomphenya) - osati kuti zina, monga kuipidwa "limagwirira". Iwo amatha osati kuona yozungulira chilengedwe chizindikiro, n'kuzisintha kukhala ndi mphamvu zimachitika, koma kutulutsa kusanthula apamwamba ndi kaphatikizidwe.

Bwino, komanso chowunikira ina idzafotokoza 3 yofunika:

- gawo zotumphukira amene ali ndi udindo kwa maganizo a mphamvu kunja nzothandiza ndipo processing ake ku zikhumbo mitsempha;

- m'njira imene ndi mitsempha Apa amapita mwachindunji ku likulu;

- yokhudza kotekisi mapeto a chowunikira (kapena pakati kukhudza), ili mwachindunji mu ubongo.

zikhumbo zonse mitsempha ku chowunikira amapita mwachindunji mu dongosolo chapakati mantha, kumene zinthu zonse kukonzedwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi onse, ndipo pali maganizo - amamva, onani, kukhudza, ndi zina zotero ..

Monga imalandira limba masomphenya ndi zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa popanda zithunzi kuwala, moyo wathu umakhala wotopetsa ndipo uninteresting. Imakhala 90% mfundo zachilengedwe.

Diso - limba kuona bwinobwino, komwe akadali asanamvetsetse, koma lingaliro la izo mu thunthu kumeneko. Ndipo zimenezi n'zimene alowemo m'nkhani ino.

Anatomy ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa limba la masomphenya

Tiyeni tione chirichonse mu dongosolo.

Chiwalo pamaso ndi diso ndi mitsempha chamawonedwe ndi zina matupi wocheperapo. Diso ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, amangoona lalikulu kukula (mtengo wake mu wamkulu ~ 7.5 masentimita kiyubiki). Iwo ali mitengo iwiri: kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Amakhala pachimake amene aumbike mwa zipolopolo atatu: zapamadzi fibrous ndi diso vasculature (kapena intima). Izi ndi thunthu la limba la masomphenya. Tsopano mbali mwatsatanetsatane.

Fibrous ❖ kuyanika diso

Chipolopolo kunja kwa phata ndizo sclera ndi khadi kumbuyo, wandiweyani nembanemba connective ndi diso, ndi mandala otukukira kunja gawo maso wopanda Mitsempha. The diso pafupifupi 1 mm makulidwe ndi 12 mm m'mimba mwake.

Pansipa pali chithunzi chimene chikusonyeza view yachigawo ya thupi. Pali zambiri inu mukhoza kuwona pamene pali mmodzi kapena mbali ina ya mwana wa m'diso la.

choroid

Dzina lachiwiri la chigoba cha phata la - ndi choroid. Malowa ali pamtunda mwachindunji pansi sclera, ndi zonse Mitsempha ndi idzafotokoza 3: kwambiri za choroid ndi Iris ndi ciliary thupi la diso.

The choroid ndi wandiweyani zopezera mitsempha ndi mitsempha, zapiringizana. Pakati pa iwo ndi lotayirira fibrous connective minofu wolemera maselo lalikulu pigment.

Front choroid bwino mu ciliary thupi unakhuthala annular mawonekedwe. cholinga chake - malawi diso. Iwo amalimbitsa ciliary thupi, mandala analanda ndipo akutambasula. Amakhala ndi magawo awiri: mkati (ciliary korona) ndi wakunja (ciliary bwalo).

Kuchokera plana ndime ya mandala 70 kuwonjezera ciliary njira kutalika 2 mm. K-spikes Ufumuyo Zinn CHIKWANGWANI mitolo (ciliary lamba) kubwera kwa diso mandala.

Ciliary gulu pafupifupi onse minofu ciliary. Pamene wabizinesiyo, disolo ndi anaweramuka ndi adzakhale kumbali, kenako lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi (ndi izo mphamvu refractive) ndi kuchuluka, ndipo pali malawi.

Chifukwa chakuti maselo a ciliary minofu ya manja wokalamba mu malo awo pali connective maselo minofu, malawi worsens ndipo akufotokozera patali zokha. Pankhaniyi, thupi zoipa uzigwirizana ndi ntchito zake, pamene munthu ayesera kuti tione chilichonse pafupi.

Iris

The Iris ndi kuzungulira litayamba mawonekedwe ndi bowo pakati - kamwana. Iwo inali pakati pa disolo ndi diso.

Mu wosanjikiza mtima wa Iris ndi minofu awiri. Woyamba mitundu suzhivatel (sphincter) wa mwana wa; chachiwiri, pa mwake, mwana zambiri.

Kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa melanin mu Iris chimadalira pa mtundu wa maso ake. Photo options amagwira pansipa.

The zochepa pigment mu Iris wa - chipepukeko mtundu wa maso. Authority kukwaniritsa ntchito zake chimodzimodzi kaya mtundu wa Iris lapansi.

diso imvi wobiriwira kumafunanso yekha pang'ono melanin.

Mtundu mdima cha maso, chithunzi ndi pamwamba, zikusonyeza kuti mlingo wa melanin mu Iris mkulu.

Internal (photosensitive) chipolopolo

The diso kwathunthu adherent kuti choroid lapansi. Iwo aumbike mwa zigawo ziwiri: kunja (pigment) wamkati ndiponso (photosensitive).

The photosensitive desyatisloynoy chipolopolo olekanitsidwa trehneyronnye ankaimira photoreceptor kunja wosanjikiza radially zochokera unyolo associative ganglion pakati ndi zigawo lamkati.

Kunja Ufumuyo kwa choroid wosanjikiza maselo pigment zaminyewa, amene kwambiri pokhudzana ndi wosanjikiza ndodo ndi cones. Anthu ndi zina - sikuti ndi njira zotumphukira (kapena axon) wa photoreceptor maselo (minyewa I).

ndodo ndi lopangidwa ndi zigawo mkati ndi kunja. inawo aumbike mwa zimbale awiri Kakhungu, amene ali plasma Kakhungu makutu. cones ndi kusiyana ndi kuchuluka (ali zikuluzikulu) ndi chikhalidwe cha abulusa.

Mu diso, pali mitundu itatu ya cones, ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa nkhuni. chiwerengero cha ndodo akhoza kufika 70 miliyoni, kapena kuposa, pamene phirilo ndi - miliyoni 5-7 yokha.

Monga tanenera kale, pali mitundu itatu ya cones. Aliyense wa iwo amatenga mumtundu: buluu, ofiira kapena wachikasu.

Timitengo amafunika kudziwa zambiri zokhudza chinthu mawonekedwe ndi kuwala kwa chipinda chanu.

Ndi aliyense wa maselo photoreceptor inyamuka woonda zakumapeto imene imagwiritsidwa synapse (kumene manyuroni awiri analankhulana) ndi wina mafuta manyuroni ochititsa kuti (minyewa II). Recent zimafalitsa malemeredwe maselo kale zikuluzikulu ganglion (minyewa III). Axons (njira) maselo kupanga mitsempha chamawonedwe.

mandala

Izi mandala galasi biconvex mandala 7-10 mm m'mimba mwake. Ilibe misempha kapena mitsempha. Mothandizidwa ndi ciliary minofu mandala akhoza kusintha mawonekedwe ake. Ndi kusintha mu mawonekedwe disolo ndi amatchedwa malawi diso. Pamene anaika lakutali masomphenya mandala ndi flattened, ndi mu masomphenya pafupi - ukuwonjezeka.

Pamodzi ndi vitreous mandala ndipamene kuwala refracting diso sing'anga.

thupi vitreous

Iwo anadzaza danga zonse zilipo pakati pa diso ndi mandala. Iwo ali odzola ngati crystalline dongosolo.

Kapangidwe ka thupi la kamera ndi ofanana ndi mfundo chipangizo. Mwana atenge mbali ya chifundamtima, kuchepetsa kapena kuchita malinga kuyatsa lapansi. Ngati mandala - vitreous ndi mandala. Kuwala cheza kugwa pa diso, koma chifaniziro ndi kuona kunja.

Chifukwa photorefractive media (Motero mandala ndi thupi vitreous) mtanda wa kuwala imagwera pa malopo chikasu pa diso, ndiwo masomphenya malo abwino. Cones ndi ndodo kuyatsa mafunde pokhapokha ataonedwa pochitika lonse retinal makulidwe.

ayende maulendo

Ayende maulendo diso pangani striated 4 rectus minofu (m'munsi, chapamwamba, lateral ndi medial) ndi awiri oblique (m'munsi ndi chapamwamba). Rectus minofu ndi udindo kwa mwana wa m'diso la mu njira yoyenera, ndi oblique - kwa kutembenuka olamulira sagittal. Movement wa eyeballs onse synchronous kokha chifukwa minofu.

zikope

Khungu khola cholinga - kuchepetsa fissure palpebral ndi kutseka izo pa kutsekedwa, kuteteza kutsogolo kwa mwana wa m'diso la. Pa m'badwo uliwonse ndi pafupifupi 75 akulankhula mokalipa, omwe cholinga chawo - kuteteza diso asanakumane ndi zinthu zakunja.

Kamodzi pa masekondi 5-10 munthu blinks.

zida lacrimal

Amakhala wa England lacrimal ndi dongosolo lacrimal. Misozi n'chongoletsa tizilombo ndiponso wokhoza moisten conjunctiva. Tearless diso conjunctiva ndi diso akanati chabe adzauma, ndipo bamboyo apita akhungu.

The zopangitsa lacrimal kubala tsiku za zana Botolo misozi. Chidwi mfundo: akazi kulira zambiri kuposa amuna, chifukwa amasulidwe madzimadzi kuichotsa amalimbikitsa timadzi prolactin (omwe atsikana zambiri).

Kwenikweni kuichotsa tichipeza madzi okhala za 0.5% albumin, 1.5% sodium kolorayidi, ndi ntchofu pang'ono ndi lysozyme, amene ali kanthu bactericidal. Iwo ali anachita pang'ono zamchere.

Kapangidwe ka diso la munthu: chiwembu

Tiyeni tione pa thunthu la limba la masomphenya mwa zojambula.

chithunzi limasonyeza schematically mbali pamwamba pa thupi mu yopingasa yachigawo view. apa:

1 - tendon pakati rectus minofu;

2 - kumbuyo kamera;

3 - diso;

4 - mwana;

5 - disolo;

6 - kamera kutsogolo;

7 - Iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - tendon mwachindunji lateral minofu;

10 - vitreous;

11 - ndi sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - ndi diso;

14 - chikasu malopo;

15 - mitsempha chamawonedwe;

Mitsempha kwa diso - 16.

chithunzi chikusonyeza dongosolo zojambula kwa diso. Muvi zikusonyeza malangizo a mtengo kuwala. Ziwerengero amalembedwa:

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - inki maselo kwa diso;

4 - nkhuni;

5 - cones;

6 - yopingasa maselo;

7 - ochititsa kuti maselo;

8 - amacrine maselo;

9 - ganglion maselo;

10 - CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe mitsempha.

chithunzi limasonyeza chithunzi cha olamulira kuwala kwa diso:

1 - chinthu;

2 - diso;

3 - mwana;

4 - Iris;

5 - disolo;

6 - chapakati mfundo;

7 - Image.

Kodi thupi?

Monga tanenera kale, masomphenya munthu amatumiza pafupifupi 90% ya nkhani m'dzikoli. Popanda, dziko lidzakhala yofanana ndi uninteresting.

Chiwalo cha masomphenya ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri sankamvetsa bwino parser lapansi. Ngakhale masiku ano, asayansi zina ndi mafunso okhudza kapangidwe ndi cholinga cha thupi ili.

Ntchito yaikulu ya chiwalo cha masomphenya - kuwala kuzindikira, mitundu ya dziko, zinthu za udindo mu mlengalenga, ndi zina zotero ..

Kuwala angachititse masinthidwe lovuta diso, motero, ndi kuwalimbikitsa chokwanira ziwalo masomphenya. Akukhulupirira kuti poyamba anazindikira kuyabwa rhodopsin.

Kwambiri Mkhalidwe zithunzi kuzindikira amaperekedwa kuti chifaniziro cha chinthu adzagwa pa malo a diso, makamaka mu dzenje wofunika. Patsogolo ku likulu la ziyerekezo chifaniziro cha chinthu, choncho sichidziwika bwino. Amenewa ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa limba la masomphenya.

matenda diso

Tiyeni tione ena mwa matenda ambiri diso.

1. Hyperopia. Dzina lachiwiri la matenda - hyperopia. A munthu uyu movutikira matenda kuwona zinthu zimene zakukhudzani. Kawirikawiri zovuta kuwerenga, ntchito ndi zinthu zazing'ono. Kawirikawiri akufotokozera anthu, koma angaoneke achinyamata. Kwathunthu kuchiza hyperopia zitha ntchito opretsionnogo alowererepo.
2. Myopia (wochedwanso myopia). Matendawa ali ndi makhalidwe sungathe kuona bwino zinthu kuti ali patali mokwanira kutali.
3. Khungu - kuthamanga intraocular. Kumachitika chifukwa matenda madzimadzi kufalitsidwa mu diso. Alandire mankhwala, koma opaleshoni ukafunidwe zina.
4. Mathithi - osati kuti zina, monga kuphwanya chilungamo cha diso mandala. Kuthandiza lichotse matenda angakhoze kokha maso. Pamafunika opaleshoni, imene masomphenya munthu akhoza kubwezeretsedwa.
5. matenda yotupa. Zikuphatikizapo conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, ndi ena. Aliyense wa iwo mu njira yake ndi oopsa ndipo ali zosiyanasiyana: ena akhoza kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala, ndi ena kokha pamene ntchito mpumulo.

matenda Kuteteza

Chinthu choyamba tiyenera kukumbukira kuti maso anu amafunika kupuma, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi amaika chirichonse zabwino sizidzabwera zotsatira.

Gwiritsani yekha apamwamba kuunikira ndi nyali mphamvu ya Watts 60 100.

Kuchititsa kokoka kwambiri kwa m'maso, osachepera pochitika kumupima ndi maso kamodzi pa chaka.

Kumbukirani kuti matupi matenda diso - ndi loopsa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la moyo wanu.