The Yak-40. Mwakwera ndege ya USSR. Yakovlev Design Bureau

Kawirikawiri tikamva za ndege ndege boma, ife azipereka ndege jumbo kuti kuwuluka zikwi makilomita misewu. Komabe, maperesenti oposa makumi anai a mlengalenga ikuchitika mwa mizere m'dera mpweya, kutalika kwa amene ali makilomita 200-500, ndipo nthawizina iwo anayeza yekha mu makumi makilomita. Ndi zolinga amenewa ndi Yak 40 analengedwa. Ndege wapadera ndi ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

mobwerezabwereza loyamba

Yak-40 (chithunzi anapatsidwa m'nkhani limasonyeza kuti ndege) anali woyamba Soviet Union ndi wokwera dziko ndege, lomwe lalembedwa ntchito pa ndege m'deralo. Iye anakhala ndege yoyamba USSR, amene analandira kalata ya airworthiness mu West mpaka chitsimikizo ofanana mu dziko lathu. The Yak 40 anali woyamba m'banja Airbus analandira zikalata ku Germany ndi Italy. Iye anali woyamba Soviet ndege zapita mfundo za airworthiness BCAR England ndi United States onse - mpaka 25. Ntchito pa chitsimikizo cha ndegeyo zathandiza kuti imathandizira gulu la ndege m'kaundula ake ku Soviet Union, kukhazikitsidwa mfundo za airworthiness, komanso chitukuko cha wathu mafakitale, angapo mayunitsi ndi zipangizo kuti zikugwirizana ndi mfundo za "West." Komanso, anakhala woyamba zonyamula yonyamula kwa Yakovlev Design Bureau.

Wogula woyamba ndi ndemanga akatswiri

Italy anakhala dziko yoyamba padziko lonse, ali ankalankhula Yak-40. Iyenso anakonza ulaliki wa ntchito yapamwamba za makina. Piloted ndi mayeso woyendetsa M. G. Zavyalov ndi Chitaliyana ndege, ndegeyo anapanga ndege ku likulu Italiya ku Australia. Njira iyi atapezeka popanda zolephera aliyense ndiponso kuwonongeka. Mu April 1970, magazini French Aviation Magazine kudziŵika kuti Yak-40 ndi choyambirira kamangidwe, kukula ndi ndege makhalidwe. Mu West, pali pafupifupi palibe ndege yomwe ikanakhoza ankatsutsa newcomer Russian. Mu US, kokha anayamba ntchito zimenezi, kukhazikitsa zomwe zidzachitike zaka zingapo.

Akatswiri dziko lonse anapereka mlingo wapamwamba ndi Russian ndege Yakovlev Design Bureau.

Kupanga ndege

Ndi chitukuko cha Yak 40, akatswiri inayamba mu April wa chaka 65th Mu zaka zapitazo. Cholinga cha ndegeyo yatsopano m'malo zitsanzo chakale cha pisitoni Il-12, Il-14 ndi Li-2, amene ankagwira ntchito pa ndege m'deralo. Soviet makampani opanga ndege anatenga chaka chimodzi chokha cha kamangidwe ndi kumanga zinachitika pa. Choncho, October 21, 1966 mayeso woyendetsa Arseniem Kolosovym anali woyamba anayambitsa zinachitika mpweya - ndi Yak-40. Mbali yapadera ndi luso la ndegeyo kuti avule ku airfields inali ikadali yopanda tala. Iwo analimbikitsa mphepete owonjezera dongosolo ndege, nawuyika akatswiri Yakovlev Design Bureau.

"Wankhondo palafini" kapena "chitsulo mbuyo"

Yak-40 (chithunzi lasonyezera) ndi makina zophweka kwambiri cholinga ndege ndi nthaka ogwira oyenerera sekondale. Kumbuyo kwake anali Ufumuyo nicknames awiri - "chitsulo mbuyo" (a kukula ochepa ndiponso wodzaza dymlenie mayunitsi mphamvu) ndi "Wankhondo ya palafini" (kudya apamwamba mafuta). Airbus uyu ali ndi zodalirika kwambiri ndi chitetezo ntchito. Yak 40 akhoza kutenga kuchokera ngati mmodzi wa injini atatu, ndi kupanga ndege imodzi mayunitsi mphamvu. Pa airfields osakonzekera atumiki ntchito atsogolere yoyenda yokha choyambitsa chipangizo, makwerero yopindika, mkulu controllability galimoto. Kuwayika injini pa kumbuyo kwa fuselage ndi kuchepetsa kugwedera ndi phokoso.

zikayenda bwino ntchito

Total malonda Soviet ndege opangidwa 1011 mayunitsi Yak 40 chitsanzo. Nkhani anaimitsidwa mu 1981, koma izi sinathe moyo wa ndegeyo. zaka zake zoposa makumi anayi pa Airways dziko - si umboni bwino zodalirika za makina, olondola njira luso mavuto zovuta kuti mkatimkati mwa chilengedwe cha chitsanzo ichi! Ndipo okonza ndi technologists Minsk ndege kukonza Bzalani osati Mabaibulo atsopano a moyo lachiwiri la ndege, komanso molumikizana ndi akatswiri Yakovlev Design Bureau chaperekedwa zinalengedwa - zouluka Laboratories, amene posachedwapa unadzakhalanso wofunika chuma cha dziko. The ndege Russian anapeza ntchito kwambiri lonse. Choncho, pofika m'ma makumi asanu ndi awiri a Yak 40 kwathunthu m'malo anamenyela Il-12, Il-14 Li-2 ndi ndege m'deralo. Popeza katswiri ndege ya m'madera oposa mazana atatu a dziko, antchito ameneŵa molimba ndi 1988 kusamutsidwa anthu okwana mamiliyoni makumi asanu ndi atatu. Ndipo mbiri ya ndege lino silinafike zikadzachitika. Zikugwira ntchito zinachitikira chitsanzo ichi mu dziko lathu ndi maiko khumi yachilendo ndithudi anasonyeza fallacy mlandu pa achire wa Yak 40 kupanga. Choncho, m'malo a injini mafuta imayenera injini amakono kuti kuloledwa kuonjezera kupanga ndi katundu wa ndegeyo.

wolowa

Kutumiza woyamba Yak 40 ndege pa katundu inayamba mu 1970, zaka zinayi zokha pambuyo kulitenga pa woyendetsa chitsanzo. Kwa zaka khumi mu Asia, Europe ndi Republic of Cuba izo agulitsa mayunitsi 125 a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masanjidwe ndi zosintha. Tumizani zitsanzo poyerekeza siriyo anali angapo osiyana zikuchokera banja panyanja zipangizo. Izi mwakwera ndege USSR aziwapatsa m'mayiko khumi: Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Zambia, Italy, Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, ndi Republic Chimalagasi, Poland, Syria, Germany, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. Mu 2000, Kamchatka ndege anagulitsa ndege imodzi Honduras. Popeza 1967, Yak 40 anali nawo mu zonse salons ndege England, Germany, Japan, Italy, France, Sweden ndi mayiko ena. Ndege lodziwika bwino ndi ndege chionetsero, wapanga makilomita oposa zikwi mazana asanu ndi anafika m'mayiko ambiri, osati Europe komanso Asia, America, Africa ndi Australia. Tikumbukenso kuti Yak-40 ndi woyamba Soviet yonyamula, amene anagulitsidwa ku maiko capitalist ndekha makampani awo otukuka ndege. ndege Awa lero ntchito ndi ndege za mayiko sikisitini.

chithunzi luso

Tikambirana specifications a. Yak 40, malinga ndi deta pasipoti, anafuna kutalika chimodzi ndi theka makilomita zikwi. Phiko ali m'dera mwachilungamo lalikulu - mamita lalikulu 70, lomwe kunapangitsa kusiya dongosolo kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke lodabwitsa multislit ndi slats. The ikuthamanga kwambiri ndi 510 Km / h. Ganizo yaikulu ya kapangidwe ndege woyenera, osakaniza atatu injini ndege ndi mapiko lalikulu, mkulu zofunika ndipo tidakocheza ntchito. Kukoka mphamvu ya unit mphamvu ndi matani theka. Ubwino wina ndi powerplant pafupifupi injini, amene anakonza mu fuselage, iwo ali n'zosiyana adaponya - chipangizo wapadera kuti amalola kusintha malangizo a utsi mpweya mtsinje pa braking la ndegeyo. Limeneli liyenera kuchepetsa pa mtunda wa galimoto pa ankafika mpaka mamita 400. Ndipo asilikali ndi kuthetsa umembala si injini ndi ndegeyo. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kugwirizana kwa zomera mphamvu ndi kuti magawowa m'malo a unit pakati. The galimotoyo za makina ali okonzeka ndi dongosolo zofewa damping, amachepetsa kuthamanga pamwamba pa msewu wonyamukira ndege lapansi. Zonsezi walola ndegeyo vula ndi dziko bwinobwino pa nthaka ponamizira nthaka.

The cockpit kupsa anthu awiri: mkulu ndi Co-woyendetsa, koma inu mukhoza kuika mpando wachitatu, ngati n'koyenera. Zashuga galasi ndi wapadera magetsi magetsi. Shopu Yak-40 ndi chotero kuti mphamvu ya okwera 27 mpaka 32. ndegeyo yatenganso ano avionics acrobatic zida navigation zimene zimathandiza inu kuuluka usana ndi usiku, zinthu nyengo m'malo chowawa. Zipangizo zikuphatikizapo: Autopilot, kaja yokumba, kachitidwe mbali, maginito kampasi, awiri basi malangizo wakapezayo, dongosolo kursoglissadnuyu ankafika, wailesi altimeter kwa okwera otsika. Ndege zida kwambiri kothandiza dongosolo mpweya kutentha kuteteza icing nyumba ya. Radio nyengo Rada amathandiza kuti azindikire pamaso pa amadzibisa namondwe pa ndege njira. Malinga deta pasipoti, ndi thandizo yonyamula ndi maola zikwi makumi atatu, ndi moyo utumiki - kwa zaka 25.

mnyamata wachiwiri

Mu 1999, Yakovlev Design Bureau akatswiri atulutsa maphunziro ndi anapezazo, zomwe zinaonetsa kuti ndege moyo ntchito akhoza kawiri pa kulimbikitsa kapangidwe ndi kuukonza wa airframe lapansi. The utumiki pulogalamu kutambasuka adzalola makampani kuti mwayi kufunika kugula ndege watsopano, amene adzapulumutsa ndalama ndithu. Wamakono Program zikuphatikizapo injini m'malo powertrains wotchipa.

ngozi

Anthu ambiri, ngakhale anthu amene nthawi zonse ntchito misonkhano ya mpweya onyamula, akuopa kuwuluka. Ndipo zonse ndege kuwonongeka amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha phobias izi. Anthu amenewa chilibe ntchito kusonyeza ziwerengero, chimene, mu galimoto n'zimene kupha kuposa n'zimene. Mtima umenewu mosavuta, chifukwa chakuti pamene ngozi, ngakhale iwo n'zochepa kwambiri, pamene Anthu ambiri anaphedwa. Izo nthawizonse mantha, osati kwa achibale mwa anthu, komanso alendo. Zikuoneka kuti mantha anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti galimotolo sangakhoze kusintha chirichonse, panalibe kanthu chimadalira apatsa yekha ndi moyo wake m'manja mwa woyendetsa komanso makina soulless.

Choncho, timaona ziwerengero zomvetsa ndege Yak-40. Tsoka ndi imfa ya ndegeyo zifukwa zina, mbiri kuposa makumi chaka chitsanzo ichi kuposa chakhumi chotchinga. Choncho, ndege 117 atayika kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito. Makina amenewa 46 adakhala wothyoledwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwa za oyendetsa ndipo anthu oyendetsa mpweya magalimoto. Otsala 71 Yak 40 zinawonongeka, chifukwa chirichonse, apa m'gulu ndipo ndege anawononga pa ntchito asilikali m'malo osiyanasiyana otentha. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, otsiriza makina amenewa kuti abedwa - izo yonyamula, kuonongeka pankhondo kwa Donetsk ndege May 26, 2014.

Yakovlev ndege

Pa Yakovlev Design Bureau ali ndi mbiri wolemera. Ndi zipupa anadza kwambiri makina osiyana, ku ndege nkhondo Jets jumbo. Pali zilipo monga masewera ndi zitsanzo cholinga chapadera Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzitsa ndege. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo, monga Yak-42. chitsanzo ichi anayamba kupanga m'ma 70s wa m'nthawi yomaliza flights kwa maulendo waukulu pafupi Soviet Union. ntchito malonda a ndege anayamba m'chaka 80th. Pa ndege wake 194 mndandanda kupanga anamangidwa ku 1980-2002. Awa, 42 Yak-64 m'munsi wathunthu wagawo ndi 130 - bwino kusinthidwa wa Yak-42D - kuchuluka kulitenga kuchokera kulemera ndi osiyanasiyana. The ikuthamanga liwiro la 700 Km / h. ndegeyo lakonzedwa pazipita ndege osiyanasiyana makilomita zikwi zinayi. The kanyumba zonyamula lakonzedwa mipando 120. m'ndegemu sayenera malonda, zimene anachita zikuyendera. Ndipotu, iwo anapereka naini timva dziko! Choncho, wa iwo Yak-42, anaikira mizere pafupi, sanathe woyenera mtunda kuchokera likulu la Russia kuti Khabarovsk. Chodabwitsa akadali chakuti asanalengedwe zitsanzo za Yak-40 ndi Yak-42 Yakovlev Design Bureau akufotokozera ndege Mipikisano mwakwera ambiri sanachite. specialization yaikulu - ndi maphunziro, masewero ndi ndege zankhondo womenya.

Yak 18 ndege

ndege Ichi ndi mbadwa ya UT-2L kumasula 44 Mu zaka zapitazo. Chinali cholinga cha maphunziro koyamba ndege. Mu zaka lonse itatha, ndi Yak 18 anali woyamba chachikulu zida maphunziro. Mu lingaliro lake, zipangizo, ndi mamangidwe anafotokoza maganizo a ndege mu nyengo yoipa ndi usiku. ndegeyo yatenganso unit mphamvu ndi mphamvu malita 160. mphindikati., variable phula tinakwera aeromechanical. Kapangidwe fuselage ndi mtundu kampani ya mipope zitsulo. Mphuno ya lids chatsekedwa ntchito hatches, ndi mchira, ndipo yokutidwa ndi nsalu. Stabilizers ndi muyezo ndi chitsulo ndi okhwima kwambiri mphako zala. Mapiko - dvulonzheronnoe, detachable, ndi gawo pakati. Detachable kutonthoza ndi lonse pakati gawo kwa woyamba mbali ali casing okhwima, pamene ena ali yokutidwa ndi nsalu. The Yak 18 chitsanzo, zolakwa zonse zimene zinawonongedwa zake inathetsedwa, ndi khola kwambiri ndi mosavuta olamulidwa ndi ndegeyo, ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino akuchitira. Liwiro pazipita ndege ndi 257 Km / h, kukwera 4 m / s, okwera pazipita mamita zikwi zinayi, osiyanasiyana - makilomita chikwi, ankafika liwiro 85 km / h. The Yak 18 amaperekedwa angapo zida zosiyanasiyana zimathandiza kuti usiku ndi "akhungu" chakuwuluka.

The Yak-18T - ndi kusinthidwa kwa makina a Yak-18. Izi ndi kuwala wosiyanasiyana ndege. Iye ni mmodzi wa ndege otetezeka ntchito m'masukulu ndege. Iwo anali mwalamulo ananena pa limodzi la misonkhano ndege luso, 650 makina Yak-18T zimauluka maola oposa theka miliyoni popanda vuto lililonse lalikulu luso. Mu Baibulo ano, ndege limasonyeza ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana, zingakhale galimotolo kuphunzitsa, thanzi, zoyendera. Komanso, ntchito apolisi mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi, mizere mphamvu, misewu mtengo ndi mitengo, komanso kutenga anthu atatu mtunda wa makilomita mazana asanu.

Sports ndege kuchokera Yakovlev Design Bureau

May 8, 1979 mu mlengalenga pafupi Tushino airfield panali ndege yaing'ono ndi mapiko ofiira owala. Ndege ndi zovuta kugunda famously anachita aerobatics: ng'oma, zingwe zopota, flips. Diso odziwa akanati yomweyo ananena kuti si mwambo am'deralo ndi umodzi masewera Yak 50 chitsanzo osiyana. Large nyali patsogolo cockpit ananena kuti makina awiri. Pa ankafika ankatha kusiyanitsa kusiyana ena: ankafika khumudwitsidwa ndi mphuno ankafika zida. Zinali wolengedwa watsopano kuchokera zomangamanga mamangidwe amasinthira Yakovlev - ndi Yak 52 ndege angathe kuthetsa ambiri osiyanasiyana ndi otsutsana akufuna. Zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa maphunziro masewera zida akusowa masamba kochepa bata, khama, amene ayenera kupanga woyendetsa kulamulira dzanja makina. Izo ziyenera chithunzithunzi mosavuta kuchita aerobatics. Ndipo ndege maphunziro koyamba, ndi M'malo mwake, ayenera kukhala wolimba kwambiri ndi zovuta kusamalira ndi sangathe bogged pansi mu tailspin a.

The makina ndege maphunziro chida ayenera kukhazikitsa akonzedwa mwachilungamo olimba a navigation panyanja zipangizo, ndi Baibulo masewera zimenezi kokha yolemetsa owonjezera. Ndi mavuto onsewa anakumana ndi gulu la akatswiri ndi okonza. Komabe, anthu opanga ndege athana ndi ntchito monga "wolemekezeka" ndipo posachedwapa: ndi Yak 52 inamangidwa miyezi yosakwana sikisi. Izi ndi awiri zitsulo monoplane. The fuselage - theka-monocoque, ali ndi ntchito zitsulo akalowa. Izo zikugwirizana ndi chimango ndi countersunk riveted. Mapiko - wosakwatiwa-spar, zida ndi ndegeyo kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke ndi, atapachikidwa pa shompolnye kuzungulira m'manja mwa yamphamvu mpweya. Cantilever mchira unit. The stabilizer chipsyepsye ndipo anaphedwa ndi dvulonzheronnoy chiwembu. Yak-naini pisitoni 52 amaperekedwa ndi zozungulira pagalimoto wagawo mphamvu malita 360. a. ndi zodziwikiratu variable phula tinakwera. Navigation ndi zipangizo ndege limakupatsani kuuluka zinthu chokhwima kwambiri nyengo. Kuwonjezera pa chitsanzo cha zipangizo, chitsanzo ichi anapereka dongosolo kusinthitsa ndalama, VHF wailesi ndi zodziwikiratu malangizo wakapezayo. Kodi kuphedwa kwa ayendetsa aerobatic, chinachake navigation owonjezera ndi zipangizo ndege ndi ankaiphwasula.