Stolypin kusintha, Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli

Mbiri ya Russian wamba chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Nthawizonse zakhala chidwi mwa anthu olemba mbiri ndi ofufuza. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa, monga Russia ndiye kunali dziko ambiri agrarian. Malinga anthu kalembera wa 1897 wamba wapangidwa 76% ya anthu ndi kutulutsa 92% wa makope onse ulimi wa dziko, pamene% 8 yekha wa nzika, kuwonjezera Mlimi nawo mwachindunji mu chuma mwininyumba.

Cha m'ma XIX-oyambirira XX zaka. wamba funso anakhalabe mmodzi wa ofunika kwambiri. andale ambiri ndi maphwando ndi kumafunsa awo njira pulogalamu mfundo za funso wamba, ndipo kudawerengedwa kwa mapulogalamu ake ulimi. The Bolsheviks mmodzi wa olemba za pulogalamu agrarian anali VL Lenin, Socialist-boma - VM Chernov, ndi Cadets - AA Kaufmann, ndi Narodniks - V.P.Vorontsov etc.

Phunziro awiri ndi gulu la zipani zosiyanasiyana, mtundu wa umwini ndi dziko, khalidwe la zachuma wamba ndi njira ya chitukuko. Chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Komanso kunasintha boma, amene anali kufunafuna thandizo kwambiri kwa anthu ndiponso kuyesetsa kulimbitsa anzawo, inasokoneza pambuyo zisinthe.

Choncho, pamaso PA Stolypin, pambuyo udindo wake April 26, 1906 pa positi mtumiki mkati, anali ndi ntchito yoti agwire njira zatsopano za mfundo zoweta, ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, zovuta zomwe zinali mfundo za ulimi kwa anthu wamba a. Mu njira zambiri zinali Pofuna kuthetseratu inefficiency za chuma wamba, akakufinyani malamulo chachikale chinkawavuta njira gulu la moyo.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto mu gawo la ulimi anali kufalitsa lamulo kwa Senate pa Kuwonjezera wa malamulo ena a chilamulo panopa zokhudza wamba ulamuliro dziko "pa November 9, 1906 The kusintha agrarian Stolypin makamaka zochokera lamuloli.

Lamulo, komanso onse refora Stolypin, anali umalimbana kukhazikitsa osiyanasiyana mulinso kuwonongedwa kwa gulu yokhudza malo a anthu akumidzi ndi Kulenga kwa kalasi wamba - wodzala ndi nzika.

Chigawo choyamba cha lamulo la November 9, 1906 ndi nkhani 18 zowonjezera Article 12 a General Malamulo a Amaya. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za lamulo lonse ndi Article Ine, gawo 1, mlimi anali woyenera kulandira gawo la dziko yolalikira kumadera a chuma, kuphatikizapo ufulu alipire m'dziko zotsala pa mitengo mu 1861 (Article 3) Mogwirizana ndi Article 2 ngati zaka osapitirira 24 anali kusokonekera ambiri, kupereka owonjezera si chofunika. Nkhani 4-11 chabe kupanga kumasulira mbali ya dziko umwini payekha. Nkhani 12 ikuti kuthekera kufunika wamba m'malo ziwembu zingapo nkhani m'dziko kutali zedi pa malo amodzi.

Chigawo chachiwiri 4 lamulo ndi enaake dongosolo pa kupatuka pa gawo dziko linali mu malo a uchikumbe lapansi. Chigawo chachitatu imakhala nkhani 2 kuti zonse ufulu wa anthu wamba kumtunda ziwembu gawo, wopangidwa uchikumbe chuma.

The gawo lachinayi akufotokoza kusintha moyo wa anthu, onse ammudzi ndi uchikumbe yokhudza malo ku umwini mu chinangwa mbali ya njira ya-magawo awiri a mavoti wamba pa msonkhano. Kulimbitsa umwini wa malo eni latsopano, lamanja yapita ntchito ndi indivisible m'mayiko limodzi (meadows, msipu, nkhalango, dziko yosayenerera, driveways).

Lamulo anakhala malamulo pambuyo buku June 14, 1910 Chilamulo pa Kukonzanso ndi supplementing malamulo ena pa nthawi yogwila nchito wamba dziko. Kumene, tatchulawa lamulo ndi lamulo mbali yokhayo ya kusintha kupitirirabe dziko, koma anali kunyamula kuletsa kuchoka kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi anali maziko a kusintha Stolypin a m'dera la Agranov.

The zifukwa kwa kusintha agrarian anali misa wamba zipolowe, kuwonjezera osauka a kumidzi, kukula kwa arrears, pamlingo wochepa wa zokolola.

kusintha agrarian kukwaniritsa zolinga zake pang'ono kokha, koma zotsatira zinali zabwino. Kuchuluka nakulitsa dziko m'deralo. Panali kusokonekera kwambiri kwa gawo la dziko, oposa 2 miliyoni. Nyumba analandira madera yekha. Kuyambira kusintha kuchuluka chitetezo wamba kufufuza nthawi 1.5, kuswa zibuma chitsulo nthawi 2.4. Chiwerengero cha cooperatives kwaiye.

Pambuyo kusintha agrarian, kukhala yeniyeni, kuti kuyambira 1901 kuti 1911. ndalama kuchokera mbewu ndi mafakitale mbewu anawuka kuchokera 1.7 kuti 3.4 bln. opaka., pa munthu ndalama chawonjezeka kuchoka rubles 30 43. Pa kusintha izo yalimbikitsa minda - zapita 10,3% ya minda onse m'njira ya umwini dziko pawekha mawonekedwe a minda ndi mabala.

Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti kusintha Stolypin a mu ulimi, anachititsa kuthetsa 1906 ndi 1911. Kumsonkhanowo, kunathandiza mwapang'onopang'ono pa ulimi wa Russia. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kusintha ndi zaluso sikunathetse mavuto onse a umphawi kumidzi anakhalabe akadali bwino mbali ya m'mudzi, ubale pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za anthu ali mokwanira lakuthwa, kuphatikizapo chifukwa mwayi wosiyana ngongole.