Mapira zogula mavuto: zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

Mapira zogula mavuto zinachitika mu Policy Chatsopano Economic (NEP) ku Soviet Union mu 1927. Kwenikweni, mu 1920 dziko waona awiri mavuto azachuma, umboniyo kuti mavuto aakulu, osati zaulimi, koma gawo mafakitale chuma. Mwatsoka, mphamvu yogonjetsera iwo si agwiritsa ntchito njira msika, ndi dongosolo la ntchitoyi ndi mandative, kuthetsa mavuto ndi mphamvu, zomwe zina worsens mmene chuma chikuyendera kwa anthu wamba ndi antchito.

prerequisites

Zimayambitsa mavuto zogula tirigu ayenera anafuna mu ndondomeko ya zachuma anathamangitsa ndi Bolshevik Party mu zaka za 1920. Ngakhale pulogalamu ya liberalization zachuma, monga momwe nthawi ndi Lenin, utsogoleri watsopano lotsogoleredwa ndi Joseph Stalin ankakonda kuchita mwa njira utsogoleri, m'malo kukula kwa gawo sanali ulimi, ndi mabizinezi mafakitale.

mfundo ndi yakuti mu zaka za m'ma 1920s, dziko anayamba kugula mwachangu ndi kutulutsa katundu mafakitale likuvutika m'mudzi. wolowa tirigu anayamba ntchito yaikulu ya boma, monga ndalama zomwe anapeza atagulitsa mundawo, anafunikira mafakitale. mavuto mapira zogula chifukwa cha mitengo wosiyana kwa mankhwala mafakitale ndi. boma akugula yambewu alimi pa mtengo wotsika, pamene chongopeka zingakweze mitengo ya katundu chopangidwa.

mfundo zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti alimi chepetse malonda tirigu. Mbewu kulephera m'madera ena a dziko zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa zinthu pa dziko, mofulumira coagulation wa NEP.

vuto zogula

Mapira mitengo, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti boma wamba anali bwino saganizira poyerekeza ndi msika, mosiyana ndi mfundo za Policy Chatsopano Economic, zomwe zikusonyeza ufulu kuwombola zachuma pakati pa tauni dziko. Komabe, chifukwa malamulo a boma kuti amasamala makamaka za chitukuko cha mafakitale, alimi anachepetsa kugulitsa mbewu, ngakhale anachepetsa acreage kuti kwachititsa utsogoleri chipani mlandu m'mudzi. Nthawiyi, otsika mtengo tirigu sanali kulimbikitsa alimi kukhala ulimi.

Choncho, m'nyengo yozizira ya 1927-1928 anaika boma matani 300 miliyoni za tirigu, ndipo anali oposa miliyoni osakwana chaka chatha. Tikumbukenso kuti zokolola pa nthawi unali wabwino kwambiri. Alimi zowawa osati chifukwa cha mitengo maganizo, komanso kuchokera kuchepekedwa kwa katundu chopangidwa, amene adali koyenera kuti ulimi. Vutoli likukulirakulira komanso chifukwa chakuti pa mfundo ya kubala tirigu boma Nthawi zambiri zachiwawa, kuwonjezera, mudzi amagwira mphekesera zokhudza mliri zotheka a nkhondo, zalimbitsa ankam'fooketsa alimi akumidzi ntchito yawo.

Akamanena za vuto

Mapira zogula mavuto kwachititsa chakuti boma kuchepetsa ndalama wofunikila kugula katundu chopangidwa kunja.

Komanso, kulephera kwa zogula tirigu dziko kwachititsa chakuti mafakitale dongosolo chitukuko ndi kuopsezedwa. Ndiye chipani yopita ku kuchotsa amakakamizidwa ya mkate wamba amene ankakana kugulitsa mbewu kuti zikhale kwa mitengo wapadera, kugula, amene anali poyerekeza msika.

kanthu chipani

Mapira zogula mavuto achititsira anthuwo kuvutika mu utsogoleri dziko, amene anaganiza kupanga zotsala zimene chiphasochi wapadera m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli (Stalin anatsogolera gulu anatumizidwa ku Siberia) zinalengedwa. Komanso, tinayamba zikuluzikulu kuyeretsa pamalo. mabungwe kumudzi ndi maselo chipani anabalalitsa amene, mu maganizo a kasamalidwe okalamba, sanathe kulimbana ndi kotunga mbewu boma. Komanso anapanga magulu apadera a anthu osauka, amene anachotsa yambewu kulaks, chifukwa cha umene analandira mphoto ya 25 peresenti tirigu.

zotsatira

Mapira zogula vuto la 1927 zinachititsa kuti curtailment yotsatira ya NEP. Akuluakulu kusiya dongosolo la chilengedwe cha co-operatives, amene pa nthawi ina Lenin analimbikira, ndipo anaganiza angasokoneze kwambiri nchito zaulimi, kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa mudzi ndi boma mu mawonekedwe a minda gulu siteshoni makina-zoyendera (MTS).

Mavuto ndi kotunga mbewu m'mizinda kwachititsa chakuti chipani wakhala anayambitsa chakudya ndi makadi mafakitale zimafika pambuyo Civil nkhondo. Popeza gawo mafakitale liziyenda bwino chifukwa thandizo yogwira boma, mavuto onse akhala mlandu zibakera - alimi olemera. Stalin kuika patsogolo pa nkhani yolembedwa ya intensification wa kalasi kulimbana, amene wafunsira opanda NEP ndi kupita collectivization m'midzi ndi m'mizinda ya mafakitale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu wamba anali amaphatikizidwa mu minda ikuluikulu, kupanga omwe adaperekedwa kwa boma, lomwe kunapangitsa mu nthawi yochepa kulenga yaikulu mafakitale m'munsi mwa dziko.