South Africa: zokopa, mbiri, nyengo, anthu, ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe. Dongosolo yazamalamulo, boma, ofesi ya kazembe, ndalama, mbendera ndi odula manja South Africa

"Anthu osiyana adagwirizanitsa" - ndi momwe chikhalidwe chachilendochi chikuwonekera. Mawu awa akufotokoza momveka bwino mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lotchedwa South Africa. Ali kuti? Zimakonzedwa motani? Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zosangalatsa zomwe zili pa gawo lake?

Dziko ili kuti ili kuti?

Dziko la South African Republic ndilodabwitsa kwambiri miyambo, miyambo ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi mbiri yovuta kwambiri. Dzikoli lili pamtunda wa kumwera kwa dziko la Africa, ndikuvomereza dzina lake lamakono. Malowa - 1.2 miliyoni km ^{2 -} akhoza kutengedwa ndi mayiko akuluakulu mu Africa.

Mkulu wa Republic of South Africa (waukulu) ndi mzinda wa Pretoria ndi anthu 740 miliyoni. Ngakhale ndi mitukulu mu dziko lino chirichonse sichiri chophweka. Komabe, za izi - kenako ...

South Africa (South Africa - dzina lovomerezeka) limadutsa pa zisanu: Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Namibia ndi Botswana. Kuwonjezera apo, mkati mwa dera lake kuliponso kampanda - dziko la Lesotho. Kum'mwera, dzikoli lili ndi mwayi wambiri wopita ku Nyanja ya padziko lapansi.

South Africa ndi imodzi mwa maiko olemera kwambiri komanso otukuka ku Africa. Iyi ndiyo malo okhawo a "Black Continent" omwe ali mbali ya G20, gulu la mayiko padziko lonse lapansi lotsogolera chuma. Ambassy wa Republic of South Africa ali ku Moscow (adiresi: Granatny Pereulok, 1). Mwa njira, kupeza visa la South Africa sikophweka. Phukusi la malemba omwe ayenera kuperekedwa kwa ambassy ndi chimodzimodzi ndi British.

Mavuto ndi zachilengedwe ku South Africa

Chikhalidwe chokongola cha namwali ndi malo osasangalatsa omwe ali okongola - izi ndizo zimakopa alendo ku South Africa Republic. Chithunzi cha mbali imodzi ya dziko, yomwe ili pansipa, sichidzapangitsa munthu kukayikira izi.

Dzikoli lili ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Kum'maŵa ndi kum'mwera, malo a mapiri amapezeka (Cape, Mitsinje Yamoto). Pano palipamwamba kwambiri ku South Africa - Mount Yesuti (mamita 3410). Pakatikati mwa dzikoli, malo otsetsereka otsetsereka (wolds) amapitirira, omwe amapita ku chipululu chachikulu cha Namib. Kawirikawiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malo ndi zachilengedwe - izi ndizo mtundu umene Republic of South Africa umachita.

Mkhalidwe wa dzikoli ndi wosiyana kwambiri. Choncho, kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa South Africa kuli ndi mbali ya Mediterranean, kumadera akum'mawa - kumadera otentha, komanso m'madera akumidzi - ouma kwambiri. Kutentha kwa nyengo kumasiyana mosiyana kwambiri: kuyambira -10 ...- 15 ° C ku Eastern Cape m'nyengo yozizira mpaka +40 ... 45 ° C kudera la Kalahari.

Dziko la South Africa ndilo malo amodzi padziko lonse lapansi potsata chiwerengero cha malo otetezedwa. Chikhalidwe cha dziko lino chikuperekedwa mosamala kwambiri. Komabe, mavuto enieni a chilengedwe ku South African Republic alipo. Makamaka, vuto la chakudya, vuto la kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizovuta kwambiri pano.

Mbiri ya South Africa. Chiwerewere

Mbiri ya Republic of South Africa , monga ya dziko lina lililonse la ku Africa, ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya. Linayamba pakati pa zaka za XVII, Dutch. Kenaka gululi linagonjetsedwa ndi a British, atagonjetsa dzikolo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Anthu okhala ku Dutch kuyambira pachimake (borax) nthawi yomweyo adakakamizika kulowa mkati mwa gawolo. Kumeneko anakhazikitsa mayiko awo: Transvaal ndi Orange Republic. Pambuyo pake, a British ndi a Boers analimbana mwamphamvu m'mayiko a m'tsogolo muno ku South Africa.

Mu May 1910, bungwe la South African Union linakhazikitsidwa, lomwe linatsalirabe ku Britain. Ufulu wake adalandira kokha mu 1961.

Pakati pa zaka za makumi awiri, dzikoli likulowa nthawi yovuta komanso yosasangalatsa ya mbiri yake, yomwe idatchedwa "chisankho chachiwawa." National Party ya National Park inayamba kulamulira mu 1948, yomwe idayamba pomwepo kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa ufulu wa anthu akuda. "South Africa - kwa azungu!" - ichi chinali chikhalidwe cha ndale iyi.

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu akuda ku South Africa adaletsedwa ufulu ndi ufulu wa demokarasi. Iwo anali oletsedwa kukwatira anthu oyera, kuchita nawo chisankho, ndipo ngakhale ufulu wa kayendetsedwe kawo unali woletsedwa kwambiri. Pulezidenti sanagwirizane ndi zoopseza ndi zilango kuchokera ku bungwe la UN ndipo anapitirizabe ndondomeko yake. Zoonadi, izi zonse zinapangitsa kuti dzikoli likhale ndi zipolowe ndi zionetsero, zomwe zikutsatiridwa ndi Nelson Mandela. Ndondomeko yolekanitsa ya ukapolo waumphawi inayamba mu 1989, Pulezidenti watsopano wotchedwa Frederick de Klerk. Komabe, zotsatira zake zimamveka ngakhale lero. Makamaka anthu ambiri akuda ku South Africa adakali ndi umphawi ndipo alibe maphunziro abwino.

South Africa: Miyoyo ya Anthu ndi Miyoyo

Ku South Africa, anthu pafupifupi 50 miliyoni amakhala. Malingana ndi chiwonetsero ichi, dzikoli liri ndi malo olemekezeka 26 padziko lapansi. Vuto la immunodeficiency liri ndi kachilombo ka 5.7 miliyoni pa nambala iyi, yomwe ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri ku boma. Ammwera ku South Africa ali pafupifupi 79%, ndi azungu - osapitirira 9%. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chiwerengero cha anthuwa chichepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha mayiko olemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (USA, Netherlands, Australia).

Ndalama za anthu a ku South Africa zikuyandikira malingaliro onse pa dziko lapansi. Komabe, boma limakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa olemera (pafupifupi 10% mwa anthu) ndi osauka (oposa 50%). Kupanda ntchito ndi umbanda waukulu ndi mavuto awiri ovuta a Republican amakono.

Ndondomeko ya boma, gulu la asilikali ndi lamulo la South Africa

Maonekedwe a boma la Republic of South Africa amaimiridwa ndi republic of parliament republic. Pulezidenti wa dzikoli ali ndi zipinda ziwiri ndipo ali ndi aphungu 490.

Mpaka 1994, South Africa inali mgwirizano, koma lero boma liri limodzi. Republicali ili ndi mapiri asanu ndi anai, omwe ali osiyana kwambiri ndi madera awo.

Pulogalamu ya malamulo ya Republic of South Africa imayang'aniridwa ndi apolisi wapadera, omwe panopa amatsogoleredwa ndi Natie Mtetwa. Ntchito ya apolisi ya dziko ikuphatikizanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zotsutsana ndi zigawenga. Izi zimachitika ndi magulu apadera, omwe, panthawi imodzi, adakhazikitsidwa kuchokera kumagulu omenyana ndi zigawenga zakuda (otsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya chisankho). Amagulu awa akusankhidwa mosamalitsa ndipo amaphunzitsidwa molingana ndi njira za Israeli.

Nkhondo za ku South Africa zinakhazikitsidwa mwadzidzidzi mu 1994 ndipo zimaphatikizapo mphamvu zankhondo, zapansi ndi zapansi. Palibe kuitanira ku Republic, mabungwe a chitetezo cha dziko amalizidwa pokha pokhapokha ndi makontrakitala. Dziko lonse lidzipereka kwa ankhondo pafupifupi 1,7% la ndalama zake kuchokera ku GDP. Mwachizindikiro ichi, South Africa ili ndi malo 87 pa dziko lapansi.

Zisonyezero za ndalama ndi zigawo za South Africa

Mu 1961, boma linakhazikitsidwa - Republic of South Africa. Ndalama ya dziko latsopano "inabadwa" nthawi yomweyo. Dzina lake ndi South African rand (code - ZAR). Zisanayambe, panthaŵi ya kudalira ku Britain, pounds la South Africa linkayenda kudutsa m'dziko lonseli.

Ndalama za ku South Africa zimayimilidwa ndi ndalama zamabanki ndi ndalama. Dandi imodzi imasweka mpaka masenti 100. Ndizodabwitsa kuti mpaka mu 1973 ku South Africa kunali kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za theka. Masiku ano pali mapepala asanu okha omwe amapezeka pamapepala (oyenera 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 rand) ndi zokongola kwambiri. Pa zovuta inu mukhoza kuona chithunzi cha msilikali wadziko lonse - Nelson Mandela, ndipo pambali ikuwonetsera nyama zomwe zimachitika ku South Africa (kambuku, mkango, njoka, njovu ndi njati).

Monga dziko lina lililonse, South Africa ili ndi zizindikiro zake. Republican ili ndi nyimbo yake yokha ("Mulungu adalitse Africa"), malaya ndi mbendera, komanso chilankhulo ("Anthu osiyana").

Chida chamakono cha Republic of South Africa chinavomerezedwa mu 2000. Ndi chikopa cha golide chomwe chili ndi malire ofiira, omwe amasonyeza anthu awiri akupereka moni. Pambuyo pa chishango kumeneko muli makutu a tirigu, ndipo pamwamba pake pali nthungo, ntchentche, mulingo wa pectoral ndi mlembi mbalame ndi mapiko otambasula. Kuchokera pansi pa zida zankhondo kumapangidwa ndi zikopa za njovu ndi kavalo wobiriwira, kumene chidole cha boma chimajambula ndi zilembo zoyera.

Mwamtheradi chirichonse chovala chida cha South Africa chiri ndi tanthawuzo ndi tanthauzo lake. Choncho, mlembi wa mbalame akuimira kukula mofulumira, mkondo wokhala ndi mphasa - chitetezo kwa adani, zida za njovu - nzeru ndi mphamvu. Anthu omwe amasonyezedwa moni ndi chizindikiro cha mgwirizano womwe uli wofunika kwambiri ku Republic, ndipo makutu a tirigu amatumikira monga chizindikiro cha chonde ndi chitukuko.

Mbendera ya Republic of South Africa ndi yophiphiritsa. Inavomerezedwa mu April 1994. N'zosangalatsa kuti osachepera 7,000 osiyanasiyana adapita nawo mpikisano! Mbendera yomwe amavomereza komanso yovomerezedwa ndilamulo imakhala yowonjezera ndipo imaimira nthawi yomweyo mitundu ya mitundu ya dziko ndi khalidwe lake lachidziwitso.

Bendera la South Africa, mukhoza kuona mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yofiira: yofiira (mtundu wa anthu olankhula Chingelezi), buluu (Boers), wakuda (wakuda), wachikasu (Amwenye), oyera (okhalamo "onse oyera") ndi zobiriwira (mitundu ina "yamitundu") .

M'madera a boma, mabungwe a maphunziro ku South Africa, ndi mwambo wokweza mbendera ya dziko lawo isanayambe tsiku logwira ntchito ndikuzisiya pambuyo pake. Ngati, ku mbali ina, mabanki a mabungwe ena kapena mabungwe akhazikitsidwa, ndiye mbendera ya Republic of South Africa iyenera kukhala yayikulu kwambiri.

South Africa: zochititsa chidwi ndi zokopa alendo za dzikoli

Dziko la South Africa ndilo dziko lolonjeza la zosangalatsa zonse. Chaka chilichonse chiwerengero cha alendo oyenda kuno chikuwonjezeka. Mwa mizinda iwo amakopeka kwambiri ndi Johannesburg ndi Pretoria, omwe akhala akugwirizanitsa ndi mzinda umodzi. Ndilo chikhalidwe chodziwika kwambiri pa dziko - zovuta za Market-Fiche. Pano pali malo owonetsera masewera, zithunzi, mawonetsero osiyanasiyana ndi madyera odyera. Ndipo madzulo onse oyendayenda amapita kumunda wa Garden of Oppenheimer - malo osangalatsa komanso okondweretsa.

Ku South Africa ndi Las Vegas yake - uwu ndiwo mzinda wa Sun City wokhala ndi mipiringidzo yambiri, ma casin ndi zosangalatsa za usiku. Mzinda wokongola wa Durban. Kuno apaulendo amapita kukafika padzuwa pamapiri okongola ndi kumayenda kuzungulira malo osangalatsa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuthekera kwa zokopa alendo ndi kotsika kwambiri, komwe kuli ndi dziko la South African Republic lomwe lili lokongola komanso lamitundu yambiri.

Zochitika za anthropogenic (chikhalidwe) chiyambi cha South Africa sichingafanane ndi kukopa kwake kwakukulu - chilengedwe. M'dziko lapaderali, zipululu zili pafupi ndi malo ozungulira zachilengedwe, ndipo zinyama ndi zinyama zapafupi zimakhala zosiyana. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu a ku South Africa okha ndiwo osamala kwambiri za chuma chawo. Malo oyambirira a paki pano anakhazikitsidwa zaka zana zisanafike!

N'zoona kuti ku Ulaya kudziko lachilendo sikubweretsa zabwino m'dziko lino. Kupita patsogolo kwa migodi ndi ulimi kumakhala kovuta kwambiri nyama zakuthengo, kuphwanya miyambo yawo yamoyo. Koma lero zinyama za ku South Africa zikhoza kuwonetsedwa m'mabungwe ambiri komanso malo odyetserako nyama, kumene nyama zakutchire zimakhala ndi moyo wokhazikika.

Malo osungirako m'dera la South Africa

Malo okwana 20 alipo lero ku Republic of South Africa. Kuwonjezera apo, dzikoli liri ndi malo ambiri otetezedwa (ena mwa iwo akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo limodzi ndi mapaki a mayiko oyandikana nawo a Botswana ndi Zimbabwe).

Kruger, Pilanesberg, Eddo ndi Tsitsikama ndi malo otchuka kwambiri ku South Africa. N'zosatheka kulingalira munthu wina woyendera alendo amene sakanayendera limodzi la malowa. Kuchokera kumalo owona malo, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Pilanesberg Park, chifukwa chili pamtunda wa madera awiri a chilengedwe - chipululu ndi Kalahari Desert. Pakati pa malo osungirako ndi nyanja yokongola. Paki yokha, zamoyo zosachepera 5,000 zimakhala.

Paradaiso ya National Park ya Eddo inalengedwa makamaka kuti ikhale ndi elephants khumi ndi imodzi otsala ku Western Cape. Ndipo tsopano pali oposa 300 a iwo. Tsitsikama ndi malo oyambirira a m'nyanja ya ku Africa. Lili pamphepete mwa Nyanja ya Indian ndipo imathamanga makilomita 80.

Kuwonjezera pa boma, palinso malo osungirako zinthu ku South Africa. Iwo akutchedwa apa ndi masewera. Oyambitsa malo osungirako nthawi zambiri amapanga maofesi ang'onoang'ono komanso okongola pa gawo lawo kwa alendo awo.

Malo otchuka kwambiri pakati pa malo odyetserako alendo ku South Africa ndi Kruger. Malo a paki ndi osavuta kwambiri: Israeli yense kapena Luxembourg akhoza kulumikizana ndi gawo lake. Oyendayenda amabwera kuno kuti akawone nyama zotchedwa Big Five zochokera ku Africa: mkango, nyalugwe, njovu, bulu ndi njuchi (zinyamazi zimakongoletsera ngongole za ndalama za ku South Africa).

Phiri lalikulu kwambiri la dziko lapansi linakhazikitsidwa mu 1898 (woyambitsa - Pulezidenti wakale Paul Kruger). Monga tikuonera, chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha ku South Africa chidachitidwa kale. Paki yamakono ya Kruger pali zothandiza zonse kwa alendo. Pali mahoteli, masitolo, malo odyera, madamu osambira komanso malo amodzi.

Mukhoza kubwereka galimoto ku Kruger Park. Komabe, ndiletsedwa kuyenda kudera lonse mumdima. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, wina ayenera kukumbukira malamulo a chitetezo chaumwini, chifukwa nyama zina zimatha ngakhale kumenyana ndi galimotoyo. Amaletsedwanso kudyetsa anthu a pakiyi.

Tugela Falls - zokongola za South Africa

Chifukwa cha mpumulo wodabwitsa, ku South Africa pali mathithi ambiri okongola ndi aakulu. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo ndi Tugela, Houic ndi Augebis.

Tugela ndi mvula yachiwiri yapamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Icho chimapangidwa ndi masitepe asanu achilengedwe. Kutalika kwa dontho la madzi ndi mamita 947. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukula kwa mathithi ndi mamita 16 okha.

Makilomita makumi anayi kuchokera ku mathithi a Tugela ndi tauni ya Bergville. Pano mukhoza kuyima ndikukonzekera kukaona chozizwa chodabwitsa cha South Africa. Kusintha kwa mathithi ndi kwa nthawi yaitali komanso kovuta. Okonzeka okonzekera adzatha kuligonjetsa maola asanu ndi awiri ndi asanu ndi awiri. Panjira yopita ku mathithi mungathe kuona anthu osadziwika a nyama zakutchire, kusambira mumphepete mwa Tugela ndikusangalala ndi malo okongola. Ziyenera kukhala zokonzeka komanso kuti nthawi zina muyenera kukwera makwerero ang'onoang'ono ndikugonjetsa zopinga zazikulu monga mawonekedwe kapena mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yagwa.

Mapiri a Drakensberg - chozizwitsa cha chilengedwe cha dzikoli

Chozizwitsa chenicheni cha dziko la Afrika ndi mapiri a Drakensberg. Mlengiyo anayesa kwambiri, akugwira ntchito yojambulayi. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mu maonekedwe iwo akuwakumbukira mapiri a Crimea omwe amadziwika bwino kwa tonsefe. Komabe, zimakhala zazikulu komanso zazikulu m'dera.

Dzina la mapiri ndilosafunikira. Anthu achikulire kuyambira nthawi zakale ankakhulupirira kuti m'mapiri awa muli zinyama zowononga moto. Mwa njira, zipilala za utsi pamwamba pao zimawoneka kawirikawiri. Koma izi sizikutanthauza mphuno ziwiri kuchokera ku nyama zazikulu zongopeka, koma zimangokhala zotsatira za moto wa udzu wouma pamapiri pansi pa dzuwa lotentha.

Drakensberg akutambasula pafupifupi zikwi makilomita. Lokwera wolemera kwambiri mchere zosiyanasiyana. Apa yotengedwa golide, tini, pulatinamu, malasha. Pa phiri otsetsereka kukula zomera kuderako zomwe sizipezeka mu ngodya ina ya dzikoli. Koma chidwi chachikulu cha m'dera limeneli - ndi zidzasintha ndipo n'zodabwitsa panorama kuti akhoza kukhala woyamikiridwa pano mpaka kalekale. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake mbali ya Drakensberg mapiri akutengedwa amatetezedwa ndi UNESCO.

Apa mutha kuona zosiyanasiyana mitunda: magulu ndi nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango moti wa zitsamba zaminga youma ndi busa phiri madambo a Alps mtundu. Ndi zodabwitsa bwanji chikhalidwe ichi onse inkatha zimenezo kachidutswa kakang'ono wa dziko! Mofanana chidwi n'chakuti mapiri mu yozizira zophimbidwa ndi chipale chofewa.

The Drakensberg Mountains amakopa alendo ambiri Ukashlamba National Park Drakensberg, ili maola awiri kuchokera mumzinda wa Durban. Pali zinthu zonse kwa apaulendo: Map kuthamanga, m'misasa ya apaulendo masitepe matabwa, ndiwo zabwino kwambiri kusangalala chikhalidwe South Africa, kumvetsera nyimbo za mbalame m'deralo. Pano mukhoza kulawa zakudya zokoma za zakudya dziko ndi kulawa vinyo zokoma. Ipeze aliyense ndi alendo yogwira. Park ndi okonzeka alendo ake kusewera gofu, kuyenda pa mahatchi ndi kalozera kapena nsomba mumapezeka nsomba mu phiri nyanja.

9 zosangalatsa za South Africa

South Africa - dziko chenicheni kusiyana. Apa, umphawi coexists ndi apamwamba kuposa kale lonse komanso chilombo osafikiridwa chikhalidwe - ndi mzinda wamakono. Pomaliza, timapereka kwa tcheru chanu pang'ono chidwi ndi zachilendo mfundo za dziko lodabwitsali:

• mu South Africa - 11 boma zinenero ndi moyenera, ndi khumi boma dzina la State;
• anthu mu dziko lino, malingana ndi kuwerengera, moyo wautali kuposa akazi amene ndi odabwitsa ndithu kwa dziko lathu;
• South Africa si likulu, monga m'mayiko ambiri a dziko, koma atatu: Cape imagwira ntchito malamulo, Bloemfontein - milandu; likulu loyang'anira South Africa - Pretoria;
• South Africa - mtsogoleri dziko mu m'zigawo ku matumbo a Dziko Lapansi pulatinamu ndi diamondi;
• dziko tithe olimba malo wachitatu mu dziko lapansi khalidwe la madzi akumwa, amene sali owopa, mukhoza kumwa molunjika kuchokera wapampopi;
• South Africa ndi malo mitengo wapadera - malambe m'mayiko;
• mu dziko apange vinyo zokoma ndi apamwamba, amene anakonda kwambiri ndipo anayamikira kwambiri Walt Disney;
• Only mu dziko lino akhoza kulawa mbale okonzeka ndi nyama nyani;
• ndi ku South Africa yakhala ikuchitidwa woyamba opareshoni la dziko lapansi (izi zinachitika mu 1967, ndipo anakhala mtima wake dokotala Mkhristu Bernard) mtima kumuika.

Pomaliza

South Africa - Dziko wamng'ono kummwera kwa Africa, ndi mbiri zovuta ndi chiyembekezo chabwino chitukuko. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mayiko ambiri wolemera mu Africa wa. Alendo izo ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi wokongola. Pali katatu mwa likulu, m'zinenero 11 boma ndi zambiri malo otetezedwa ndi zinthu. South Africa imatchedwanso kuti chikhalidwe zokongola, madzi oyera ndi vinyo chokoma.