Shock-reconnaissance ndege T-4: zofunika mafotokozedwe, zithunzi

Pambuyo zaka 20 kuchokera pamene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, lamulo Soviet kumvetsa mmene inkachitika anachepetsa onyamula American. Zinachitikira kumanga zombo awa m'dziko lathu linali, choncho anali kufunafuna mayankho asymmetric: chida nyukiliya ndi ndege angathe kuswa mwa magulu mpweya chitetezo ndege chonyamulira ndi chiwonongeko wotsatira chombo chachikulu. Imodzi mwa ntchito bwino kwambiri ndegeyo T-4.

zimayambitsa

Pakutha 50s, ndi dziko lathu mu vuto yovuta: zombo ndi ndege, ife ndithudi anataya US, kumene panthawi ya nkhondo inapita mayendedwe anaika cruisers olemera ndi zoponya mabomba. Parity anatha kusunga yekha chifukwa cha khama zozizwitsa za chida cha. Koma vuto linali kupitirirabe oopsa, chifukwa pa nthawi yomweyo, Achimereka anayamba kukhazikitsa mu zida zawo za panyanja nyukiliya kobvundikiridwa monga mbali ya ndege dongosolo. Mogwira nkhondo Sitinathe magulu ndege chonyamulira, popeza chabe analibe zipangizo zoyenerera.

Okhawo odalirika njira kuwononga ndege chonyamulira gulu anali kukhazikitsa ndi mivi supersonic ndi zokwana nyukiliya. Panthaŵi ya ndege ndi sitima zankhondo za USSR sitingakhale ngakhale kudziwa chandamale chapatali otetezedwa, makamakanso kugunda izo.

Kodi kuthetsa vutolo?

Chilengedwe cha sitima zankhondo wapadera nthawi sizinali zophweka, choncho anaganiza ntchito opanga ndege. Iwo anakhala "langwiro" Ntchito kukhala ya "ndege + roketi" posachedwapa, akhoza kulowa mpweya chitetezo ndege ya ku America gulu ndi kuwononga zombo owopsa.

Cha m'ma 50 ntchentche mu dziko lathu panalibe ntchito izo zikanakhala mwanjira woyenera zofunika zimenezi. Komabe, mu myasishchev anali M 56 ndege ntchito. mwayi waukulu anali liwiro amene angafikire 3000 Km / h. Koma kudzachitika wolemera ake kulemera anali matani 230, ndi bomba katundu - matani 9 okha. Sikunali kokwanira. Ndipo panali ndege T4 yoponya mabomba Sukhoi Design Bureau anali kutenga kagawo kakang'ono wopanda munthu.

"Nsalu"

"Ndege chonyamulira wakupha" analinso ndi misa pa kudzachitika-kuchokerako tonnes osapitirira 100, ndi "denga" ndege - osati makilomita zosakwana 24 ndi liwiro - okha a 3000 Km / h. Chotero ndege pa malowedwe athu kwa chandamale ndi thanzi zosatheka kuti azindikire apite Roketi. Pa nthawi imeneyo panalibe interceptors likhoza kuwononga makina amenewa.

Flight mtunda "mazana" amayenera kukhala osachepera 6-8 zikwi makilomita pamene osiyanasiyana mizinga - makilomita 600-800. Tikumbukenso kuti anali Roketi ku zovuta ino predominated: si okhawo anali kugumula chitetezo, kupita liwiro apamwamba zotheka, komanso kupita chandamale, kenako kugonjetsedwa zake kwathunthu olumikizidwa ku makina. Kotero kuti ndege T4 - chida, zamagetsi kudzazidwa umene unali kwambiri patsogolo pa nthawi yake.

ophunzira akhazikitsa

Boma waganiza kuti chitukuko cha ndege latsopano nawo Tupolev, Sukhoi ndi Yakovlev. Mikoyan sanali m'gulu mndandanda osati chifukwa cha mtundu wina wa intrigue, ndi chifukwa chakuti amasinthira wake kwathunthu pfunde ndi ntchito womenya latsopano MiG 25. Ngakhale chilungamo tisaiwale kuti chikuyembekezeka kupambana Tupolev ndi CB ena amakopeka ndi kupikisana ndi aone. Chidaliro komanso zochokera "ntchito 135" alipo, yomwe inkafuna Mulungu kwambiri kuti chofunika ikuthamanga liwiro 3000 Km / h.

Ngakhale ziyembekezo, "Ankhondo" ndi chidwi ndi nsangala ananyamula sanali pachimake ntchito. Forward yomweyo anathyola Sukhoi. Iwo anasankha mawonekedwe a "bakha" ndi intakes mpweya chimene chimafika pang'ono kupitirira m'mphepete kutsogolo kwa mapiko a. Poyamba, ntchito ndege kunali kudzachitika-kuchokera kulemera matani 102, ichi ndi chifukwa chake munakhala kwa zosavomerezeka dzina la "kuluka".

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi kusinthidwa ndege T4 "dvuhsotki" - ndi ntchito akufuna pa nthawi yomweyo ndi Tupolev Lachiwiri 160. Ntchito zambiri Sukhoi Tupolev ndiye anali ntchito kulenga galimoto yawo, kutenga-kuchokera kulemera kwa amene alumphe matani 200.

Ntchito imeneyi ndi Sukhoi anapambana mpikisano. Pambuyo pake, mlengi zimayenera kudutsa mphindi zambiri zosasangalatsa, monga dzanja lake lamanja pa zipangizo zonse amakakamizidwa Tupolev. Iye anakana kuti sanali kuwonjezera abwenzi aliyense mu makampani a ndege, kapena chipani.

magetsi

Wapadera pa nthawi ndege T-4 adamfunsa osachepera injini lapadera angathamange pa mtundu wapadera wa mafuta. Tellingly, mu Sukhoi zinali zinthu zitatu zokha, koma mapeto anakakhala pa RD36-41 chitsanzo. Chitukuko wake wa udindo osadziwika "Saturn". Onani kuti injini uyu anali "wachibale" chitsanzo VD-7. Iwo, makamaka, zida ndi zoponya mabomba 3M.

injini yomweyo kusiyana ndi kompresa wake ndi madigiri 11, ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya yozizira woyamba gawo masamba chopangira mphamvu. Recent zamakono luso walola kuonjezera ntchito kutentha kwa chipinda kuyaka nthawi yomweyo kuti 950K. Izi injini - panopa yosatha, makamaka mfundo Soviet. Pa chilengedwe chake panatenga zaka khumi chabe, koma zotsatira zake zinali zopindulitsa. Ndi kupyolera injini izi T4 - chida, liwiro umene umaposa wa anzawo ake.

Amene chida anali atakonzekera ndi ndege imeneyi?

Mwinamwake, mwina chinthu chofunika kwambiri za "tandem" anali chitsanzo roketi X-33, amene ali ndi udindo pa chitukuko cha lodziwika bwino "Raduga". Ntchito pamaso pa Bureau choikidwacho zovutitsa kwenikweni pafupi sayansi ya nthawi. Kunali koyenera kuti Roketi chimene chingakhale anatsatira autonomously cholinga pa kutalika kwa osachepera 30 makilomita, ndi liwiro lake anali sikisi kasanu ndi kuchimva.

Ndiponso,-chonyamulira ofotokoza kuti nokha (!) Kodi kuwerengera mutu chonyamulira ndi kuukira iye ndi mfundo pachiopsezo. Mwachidule, mantha-reconnaissance ndege T-4, amene ali chithunzi m'nkhani ikuchitika pa bolodi roketi, chomwe mtengo theka ngati "mazana."

Ngakhale kuti okonza masiku ano si yovuta. Ngakhale zofunika ndi chiyani kuyang'ana kwambiri lowoneka. Kugwira ntchito izi, Rada yekha, komanso nambala yaikulu zamagetsi lodabwitsa wakhala m'gulu kamangidwe ka roketi lapansi. Kuvuta kachitidwe pa bolodi X-33 mu zosatheka wolephera anthu ambiri "mwana mmodzi hundredths".

Chipambane sayansi

Masiku ano furore ndege T-4 opangidwa kuwala sverhtehnologichny kanyumba ake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya ndege zoweta panali kuwonetsera osiyana wounikira yake ya mwatsatanetsatane ndi luso chilengedwe. Pa makadi microfilm kudutsa padziko lapansi anasonyeza vuto mwatsatanetsatane mu nthawi yeniyeni.

Mavuto a angagwiritse kulenga

N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa siteji kamangidwe ka chotero zovuta makina ndi mazana a mavuto, omwe akhoza malembo ngakhale academician. Choyamba, poyamba pa galimotoyo la ndegeyo sichinkagwirizana mu chipinda chamkati. Kuti athetse vutoli, atapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene mungachite, ambiri amene anali moona onyenga: Makamaka zomangidwazo akufuna ngakhale "changeling", pamene ndege kuulukira kwa kanyumba cholinga pansi.

Kumene, ndege T-4 - yoponya mabomba specifications zomwe kwambiri pasadakhale awo ... koma osati pamlingo womwewo!

Komanso zosankha anatengedwa ndiye kwakukulukulu anayang'ana wosangalatsa kwambiri. Choncho, pa liwiro la 3000 Km / h ngakhale pang'ono projecting nyale zashuga kwambiri kuchuluka kukana. Ndiyeno akufuna njira yachidule; pakuti osachepera kuukoka pa ndege kanyumba wakwezedwa pamwamba. Popeza pamalo okwera makilomita 24 kuyenda zowoneka komabe sukhala ntchito, navigation amayenera kutsogolera kukayankha zida.

Pamene T-4 ndege ankafika, ndi kanyumba ndi anapanduka kunsi, choncho amene amapezeka woyendetsa kwambiri aone. Choyamba, asilikali munatenga lingaliro ili mosamala kwambiri, koma ulamuliro Vladimira Ilyushina, mwana wa mlengi wa wanzeru shtkrmovika IL, koma anathandiza kutsimikizira a asilikali. Komanso, Ilyushin anaumirira kupanga kamangidwe ka periscope kuti: akakhala ntchito ngati kulephera kwa limagwirira kuweramira. Mwa njira, lingaliro lake kugwiritsa ntchito ndiAmene ina ya zoweta Lachiwiri 144 ndi Anglo-French Concorde.

Kujambula fairing

Imodzi mwa ntchito kwambiri chinali chilengedwe cha fairing lapansi. mfundo ndi yakuti polenga dziko okonza anali kuchita mfundo ziwiri mwakuwoneka matanthauzo ofananafanana. Choyamba, fairing amayenera kukhala mphepo. Chachiwiri, kupirira kwambiri mkulu katundu makina ndi matenthedwe. , Anali kulenga zinthu mwapadera pa maziko a filler galasi, dongosolo limene akufanana ndi uchi kuthetsa vutoli.

Chifukwa cha ichi ndege mantha-reconnaissance T-4 mpake kaye "kholo" matekinoloje ambiri wapadera kuti tsopano ntchito osati asilikali, koma m'mafakitale mtendere kwathunthu.

Pomwepo fairing - zisanu yomanga wosanjikiza, ndi 99% katundu anagwa pa casing ake akunja, omwe makulidwe ndi 1.5 okha mm. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kanjedza ngati chidwi asayansi anali kukhala chiphunzitso zochokera pakachitsulo ndi mankhwala organic. Pa ntchito asayansi anali kubwerezanso adziwe ziyembekezo zoposa 20 (!) Mosiyanasiyana zotheka ndi makulidwe a ndege m'tsogolo, kuneneratu ndege ntchito yawo. Ndipo zonse izi - popanda mapulogalamu ano kompyuta! Yaikulu zopereka okonza kuderera kovuta.

buthulo ndege

Kuuluka woyamba ndege T4 "kuluka" anali wokonzeka m'chaka cha 1972, koma chifukwa moto peat padziko Moscow aone Ndegeyi ndipo tidakocheza mayeso a airfields anali pafupi ziro. flights anali kuchedwa. Ndipo chifukwa ndege yoyamba zinachitika okha kumapeto kwa dzinja chaka chomwecho, ndi piloted ndege woyendetsa Vladimir Ilyushin ndi kuyenda panyanja Nicholas Alferov. Choyamba naini flights mayeso ankachiritsa. Onani kuti asanu a ndege izi zinachitikadi popanda kuchotsa galimotoyo: kunali kofunika kuti aone anathetsera makina atsopano mu modes zonse zikugwira ntchito.

Oyendetsa yomweyo taonera mayiko mkulu wa ulamuliro wa ndegeyo: ngakhale phokoso chotchinga "kuluka" unachitika mwangwiro, ndipo ngakhale nthawi ya kusintha kwa supersonic anamva zipangizo okha. Army Oyimirira kuyang'anira mayesero anasangalala ndi makina atsopano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anapempha kupanga mtanda zidutswa 250. Pakuti ndege la kalasi iyi chabe amazipanga mkulu makope!

Ngati zonse zinayenda bwino, ife angadziwe ndege T-4 (a yoponya mabomba, amene makhalidwe yafotokozedwa mu nkhaniyi) ngati mmodzi wa waukulu mu kalasi ake.

ziyembekezo ndege

Wina "yosangalatsa" ya makina anali phiko la variable kasinthidwe. Chifukwa ichi, tinganene kuti ndi Mipikisano cholinga, ndegeyo mosavuta ntchito monga reconnaissance stratospheric. Ichi chikanapha kuchepetsa ndalama mapulogalamu asilikali udzabala ndege imodzi yokha m'malo awiri.

Kutha kwa umisiri watsopano

Poyamba, "yokhotakhota" uyenera kumangidwira pa Tushino Aviation Bzalani, koma basi kukoka mabuku chofunika kupanga. Kampani imodzi yokha imene akhoza kupanga chiwerengero ofunikira magalimoto atsopano anali Kazan Azariya. Mu nthawi yochepa tinatembenuka ntchito kukonzekera kwa masitolo latsopano. Koma apa linalowererapo mfundo: Tupolev sankafuna mpikisano, kotero mwamwano kuuma "anakankhira" ku fakitale, anadula imfa pa muzu wa chiyembekezo onse yomanga makina atsopanowo.

N'chifukwa chake lero tikudziwa kuti ndege T-4 - yoponya mabomba, amene anali wapadera makhalidwe ake nthawi, koma osati amene anapita ngakhale mu nkhani yaing'ono. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwambo gawo lachiwiri la "munda" mayesero. Kumapeto kwa January 1974 pali ndege imene ndegeyo anali kukwaniritsa kutalika 12 Km ndi liwiro la M = 1.36. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti pa makina siteji, kenako umalandira mathamangitsidwe wa M = 2.6.

Nthawiyi youma negotiated ndi kasamalidwe fakitale Tushino, ngakhalenso kupereka kumanganso shopu, monga kuti athe kumanga choyamba 50 "maekala". Koma akuluakulu ankaimira ndi unduna wa makampani ndege, ndi bwino Tupolev, osauka ngakhale a mlengi mwayi. Kale mu March 1974, ntchito zonse pa ndege chosintha anali kutsazikana popanda kufotokoza. Kotero kuti T-4 - ndege (chithunzi wake ndi mu mapepala), yemwe anawonongedwa pongofuna zifukwa munthu anthu ena mu Utumiki Kumenyana ndi boma la USSR.

Imfa ya Sukhoi kumene kunachitika September 15, 1975, sanam'bweretsere momveka nkhaniyi. Only mu 1976, Unduna wa Aviation Makampani dryly otchulidwa ntchito imeneyi "Sotka" anaimitsidwa kokha chifukwa chakuti Tupolev ankafuna antchito ndi mphamvu yopanga kwa kupanga ya Lachiwiri 160. Pa nthawi yomweyo akadali T-4 mwalamulo analengeza kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa "White Mbalame ya Chinsansa", ngakhale Tupolev chabe privatize zipangizo zonse pa "100 ntchito", mwayi imfa ya Sukhoi.

Tupolev zokometsera kufotokoza wake chifukwa chakuti mlengi anafuna kukhazikitsa "wosavuta ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo Lachiwiri-22M" ... Inde, ndege Chimenechi chinali mtengo, koma kukhazikitsa anatenga zaka zoposa zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndi makhalidwe ake, iye adali kutali STRATEGIC yoponya mabomba. Komanso pa nthawiyo mpaka mavuto ambiri kudalirika akhala anathana, chitsanzo ichi wopyoza m'zinthu zambiri kusinthidwa kuti ndi njira yabwino bwanji mtengo okwana polojekiti.

About Grand overruns mankhwala wowerengeka umboni ndi chakuti a masitolo wa Kazan ndege mbewu chabe kudula ndi kuponyedwa mu zinyalala zida chidali anafuna kuti kuŵeta, "yokhotakhota."

Tanthauzo la "yokhotakhota"

Panopa okha ndege Sukhoi T-4 lili wosatha Sitima yathu Monino owonetsera zakale ya ndege. Dziwani kuti 1976, Sukhoi Design Bureau watenga mwayi komaliza kubweretsa "zana" pa mzere mapeto, analengeza kuchuluka kwa rubles biliyoni 1.3. Boma anaukitsa phokoso zosaneneka zomwe zinachititsa kuti ndege oyambirira anaiwalika. Makamaka ndi chakuti Lachiwiri 160 anataya ndalama Soviet Union kwambiri zodula. Kotero kuti T-4 - ndege kuti kungakhale njira yabwino mwa mawu a mtengo ndi mbali.

Ngakhale pamaso kapena pambuyo Soviet Union analibe chiwerengero zoterozo zoyambitsidwa atsopano zopezeka galimoto. Pa nthawi imene zinachitika "sakugwirizana 100", panali chimodzimodzi 600 zoyambitsidwa atsopano ndi eni luso. A yojambula m'munda wa ndege anali zosaneneka. Kalanga ine, koma anali muphe: ndi ntchito yake, kuti ndi yojambula ndege chonyamulira malamulo mpweya chitetezo, ndege T4 "kuluka" nthawi ya chilengedwe salinso kupirira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Lachiwiri 160 si abwino kwa cholinga ichi. Pakuti zida izi sitima zankhondo agwirizane bwino.

Zofunika ndi analogs

Wotchuka "White Mbalame ya Chinsansa", alias yoponya mabomba Lachiwiri 160. Izi wathu njira yoponya mabomba lomaliza. Zolemba malire kudzachitika-kuchokera kulemera - matani 267, muyezo pansi liwiro - 850 Km / h. "White Mbalame ya Chinsansa" akhoza imathandizira mpaka 2000 Km / h. Zolemba malire osiyanasiyana - mpaka 14 000 Km. Pa bolodi ndege akhoza kutenga matani 40 a mivi ndi / kapena mabomba kuphatikizapo "wochenjera" kubwezeretsa kudzera m'magulu Kanema.

Mu chimake chabwino ndi bomba kumalo mivi isanu X-55 ndi X-55M. "White Mbalame ya Chinsansa" - kwambiri mtengo Soviet ndege, ndi kwambiri mtengo kuposa T-4 ndege, anakana Inter zina zotere, chifukwa cha "mtengo wapatali". Komanso, palibe ndege pa nthawi ya chilengedwe chake, sanathe kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa zolinga chomwe analengedwera. M'mbuyomu, anaganiza kuti apitirize kupanga makina pa Kazan ndege mbewu. chifukwa ndi losavuta - kuoneka mivi watsopano, kulola bwino wachibale (chiphunzitso) kugumula chitetezo, komanso ngati anasiya zikuchitika masiku ano munda.

M 50

Chosiyana nthawi yake, ndege analenga Vladimirom Myasischevym ndi ndodo ya OKB 23. Pa kudzachitika-kuchokera kulemera matani 175, iye ankayenera kuti imathandizira pafupifupi 2000 Km / h ndi kunyamula katundu wolemera matani 20 mabomba ndi / kapena mizinga.

XB 70 Valkyrie

A pamwamba chinsinsi American yoponya mabomba (kwa nthawi), zomwe thupi lake ndi kwathunthu cha titaniyamu. Company mlengi - North America. Tengani-kuchokera kulemera - matani 240, liwiro - 3220 Km / h. Osiyanasiyana ofunsira - mpaka makilomita 12 chikwi. Mndandanda sanapite chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo amazipanga mkulu ndi kuvuta zamakono kupanga.

Lero, T-4 (ndege, amene ali chithunzi m'nkhani) ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mmene chatekinoloje ndi zida apamwamba anaphedwa pa zifukwa za ndale ndi masewera lachinsinsi logwira.

zotsatira

Mwamwayi, khama Herculean opanga ndi limanena yaikulu ntchito pa chitukuko ndi kupanga prototypes, osati kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko. Choyamba, ambiri a umisiri wa nkhani imene ndiye patapita ntchito mu chitukuko cha Lachiwiri 160, omwe lerolino malire alonda a dziko lathu. Kachiwiri Sukhoi Design Bureau ankagwiritsa ntchito zonse zimenezi polenga wapadera kwa nthawi, ndi Lamulungu-27, lero apitiriza kukhala "kugunda" womenya ndege.

Pa chikoka cha "mazana" pa mbiriyakale ya makampani zoweta ndege ndi makampani malo akuti osachepera chakuti luso ndi "selo" ❖ kuyanika wakhala ntchito mu chitukuko cha "Burana". Kalanga ine, koma ntchito yomanga stupidly uwonongedwe.