Seamy mbali ya moyo, kapena ndani lumpen

Monga ife kumbukira mbiri sukulu, mawu lumpenproletariat anayambitsa Marx, motero kusonyeza wosanjikiza ake m'munsi. Tamasulira kuchokera ku mawu a German amatanthauza "nsanza".

Pang'onopang'ono, zili zamalankhulidwe wa lingaliro ili chikuwonjezeka, ndipo anali kudziŵika kuti aliyense lumpen amene pansi pa "pansi" kwa anthu: kupemphapempha, achifwamba opemphapempha mahule amadalira zosiyanasiyana.

Mwachidule matanthauzo kudziwika, tikhoza kunena kuti mawu lumpen tsopano logwirizana la anthu asalandidwe malo awo ndi ntchito wosamvetseka, ankaona kuti moyo phindu awa kapena ena okhudzidwa.

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali

Mu chinenero chamakono, ntchito angathe achinyamata slang, lingaliro ili ngakhale zina kukodzedwa. Tsopano pamene kutchula mawu lumpen, tanthauzo lake lingakhale ndi njira zosachepera zitatu:

• Anthu ku makalasi m'munsi (pokhala, mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo);

• Anthu kunja kampani (mmphepete);

• oipa munthu, osati motsata malamulo a makhalidwe onse (mukhale chopondapo).

Choncho, tsopano lumpen angatchedwe woimira anthu onse kalasi ngati zochita zake zikugwirizana limodzi la magawo atatu. Apa Mwachitsanzo, mawu ofalitsa nkhani, "limakula ndi wachulukitsa ANTHU lumpen", "Inde, ine - ndi lumpen-ozindikira" kapena "gulu la akulamulira ali Russia - ndi lumpen-bureaucracy".

Kodi proletariat lumpen: mizu ya nzeru za moyo

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale apeza kuti lumpen choyamba anaonekera kalelo, ndi limene lachititsa kalasi ya boma kapolo. Akale Roma, chuma chifukwa cha ntchito za ntchito akapolo, ndi nzika yaing'ono, sangathe kupikisana ndi minda ikuluikulu, mwamsanga uwonongedwe. Izi wafunsira misa Kusamuka kwa alimi m'dziko lachilendo kwa mzinda.

Lokha iwo ali ndi ufulu wonse monga nzika za boma la Roma: nawo chisankho, ndi yoyenera kuvota mu misonkhano m'tawuni. Komabe, katundu aliyense iwo analibe, ndipo ntchito - kwambiri, kukakamiza kukhalabe moyo wawo chifukwa "kugulitsa" mavoti awo thandizo makasitomala olemera, kapena kupereka ntchito zina zazing'ono.

Boma la Roma anaganiza kupereka thandizo la ndalama kwa anthu awa mu mawonekedwe a miyeso katundu mbewu (pafupifupi makilogalamu theka patsiku), zomwe iwo analandira pa mndandanda wapadera.

Mu Rome yekha lumpenproletariat kuti chiyambi cha zaka chikwi woyamba panali 300 zikwi. Iye anayamba kuchita mbali m'mikangano onse ndale ndi pa nkhondo. Alibe ake zinthu kapangidwe mwini, anthu awa anali wokonzeka kutumikira aliyense - kokha kupereka chakudya chawo ndi kukhala zosangalatsa wopepuka.

Mphonje - "alonda malire" anthu

Chabwino, nanga bwanji marginals chiyani? Tamasulira kuchokera ku Latin, amatanthauza "malire" ndipo amatanthauza munthu amene safuna yekha ku gulu wolemera, koma sanathe cigawo mu ina. Chiwerengero cha ukuwonjezeka mmphepete kwambiri pamene pali kusintha kwambiri mofulumira mu dongosolo chikhalidwe cha kusintha, zisinthe, etc.

Mu Russia, ndondomeko izi zinayamba ndi ulamuliro wa Alexander II ndi khama anapitirizabe Witte ndi Stolypin. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, dziko lathu kale anali stratum chapadera cha kuwapatula wa lililonse.

Mark mabuku Russian

Allocated mmphepete ndi lumpen kuwerenga maganizo awo wapadera, bwino ndithu okhala mu mabuku athu chakale, monga limakhulupirira Gorky, amene anafotokoza amene lumpen. Mu sewerolo "wotsika kuya", anasonkhanitsa oimira strata onse okhudzidwa: Baron - wa otchuka, wosewera - kuchokera ojambula zithunzi, bafuta - kwa anzeru luso, Bubnov - m'kalasi pakati, Luca - kuchokera wamba ndi bango - kuchokera proletarians.

Koma si onse akhoza zimachitika kwa lumpen mmphepete. Chakwanira kutsutsana ndi zoikamo mawu ake, kukhala mu maonekedwe kwa rung omwewo chikhalidwe. "Ndani Limasintha Chabwino mu Russia" Choncho, mu ndakatuloyi Nekrasov Ndipotu, moyo zoipa zonse - kuchokera ansembe lackeys.

Ngati mfundo imeneyi kuganizira ngwazi za "The Cherry zipatso" ndi Chekhov, iwo onse kugwa pansi tanthauzo la m'mbali kuti: landlords, amene zinthu kukakamiza kugulitsa dzikolo; banja lomwe aswe; mtumiki, komabe akukumana chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom; wophunzira dropout, kulota kusintha.

Gorky anali chithunzi maganizo a woimira chimake ina marginality - munthu amene kupandukira "umayamba" (tanthauzo wolemba) ya zachilengedwe kalasi, mwamtheradi kutenga zake, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, kupitiriza bwino kugwira ntchito zawo akatswiri ( "Egor Bulychev ndi ena ").

Savva Morozov - mphepete mwa chipinda

Mbiri ya lodziwika bwino industrialist Savva Morozov ndithu mu mzimu wa Gorky Bulycheva: izo, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, akubera antchito awo, ndipo ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa thandizo la magulu chosintha anarchist, kuti akukumba yekha dzenje. Koma metsenatstvoval.

Moyo wotere sanathe kuthetsa chisoni - sanathe kulimbana ndi kusagwirizana mkati, potsiriza iye anamuwombera yekha.

kusiyana: Lumpen ndi oponderezedwa

M'madikishonale linanena kuti lumpen ndi mmphepete - ichi ndi khalidwe wamba anthu amene anasiya kulankhulana ndi chilengedwe wawo, akhala chikhalidwe kuwapatula. Koma pali kusiyana pakati pa iwo?

Kulongosolerana amene lumpen. Ndi tanthauzo, awa ndi anthu amene ataya kugwirizana zawo osati ndi gulu lake chikhalidwe, komanso anataya njira zomwe mumapezera moyo, opanda kupeza ndalama. Mphonje Nthawi zonse m'mphepete: atathamangitsidwa awo, ndipo chitani munthu - sanapezeke. Choncho iwo akhoza kusakaniza pakati pa mbali ziwiri moyandikana wa zosokoneza a.

Mu mawu ena, lumpen alibe ntchito okhazikika ndi moyo pa ntchito wosamvetseka, ubwino chikhalidwe, kapena kuswa lamulo. Kuwapatula - anthu boma malire, sangathe atengere zenizeni kusintha.

Iwo likukhalira kuti lumpen ndi oponderezedwa - iwo ali magulu awiri osiyana anthu masiku ano. Marginality - ndi m'malo dissidence chibadidwe munthu, anataya m'dziko limene sakugwirizana zokhumba zake.

Komano, amene ali lumpen - gulu la anthu popanda zifukwa aliyense okhudzidwa chikhalidwe, osati kulenga ya makhalidwe, ndi tiziromboti pa thupi la anthu.

Mmphepete - ikulongosola si okweza. Otchedwa lumpen, zikutanthauza kukhumudwitsa ena.