Old Russian chikhalidwe, chiyambi cha chiyambi chake ndi chitukuko

Asilavo - ndi gulu lalikulu la anthu, limene ali ndi gawo lalikulu Europe ndi Asia. Zikuphatikizapo Zitsulo, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbia, Croatia, Russian, Ukrainians, Belarusians ndi ena. Aliyense wa magulu awa mitundu lili ndi mbiri yake ndi chikhalidwe chake. M'nkhaniyi tiona chikhalidwe cha Asilavo kum'mawa, Russian, Belarusians ndi Ukrainians.

Old Russian boma anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 9. Izi zinali zaka kwambiri komanso yovuta. Asilavo, amene analandira chipembedzo, moyo ndi miyambo ya makolo awo anachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, ndipo ankapembedza milungu ya chikhalidwe ndi zochitika, monga mulungu dzuwa Ndipatseni mulungu, mulungu wa mabingu ndi mphezi Perun, mulungu wa mphepo Stribog ndi ena. Anthu ankakhala moyo wosafuna, makamaka chinkhoswe mu ulimi, ulimi nyama, ndipo malo nkhalango ndi nyama komanso kukafufuza. Atiteteze kwa adani, ndipo kuti kasamalidwe bwino kwambiri zochita zawo, iwo analenga madera anamwazikana zinthu zonse zofunika kuti ndikhudze bungwe la akulu kapena Komiti.

Kulenga aliyense nyumba, makamaka amene ankakhala ku lamba nkhalango, ife ntchito nkhuni. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti skilful ndi luso anthu Russian kulenga wapadera luso kapangidwe tsatanetsatane wa nyumba matabwa, chosema mafelemu, ngati zingwe wosakhwima, chokongoletsedwa ndi dongosolo zosamvetsetseka skates madenga, mawindo. Zithunzi anatengedwa kuchokera epics Russian kapena mosamala imachitika mogwirizana ndi maganizo a anthu kuti chikhalidwe ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Culture Asilavo m'gulu ofotokozera m'kamwa, nthano ndi nthano opatsirana pakamwa. Kawirikawiri iwo ankaimba wapadera Guslar oimba kapena ofalitsa nkhani singsong. Kulemba, malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, ndi Asilavo sanali, panali chabe knotted kalata. Koma zina kunena kuti script panali chete. Bukuli lili ndi zilembo za Chigiriki, ndipo wotchuka Veles buku linalembedwa pa izo. Mtsutsano ponena za chipilala chikhalidwe si kuchepa mpaka tsopano, koma mmene zinakhalira, buku analipo. Komanso chidwi ndi miyambo yachipembedzo ya Asilavo, ndipo kuphatikizapo nyimbo ndi kuvina, ndi nsembe zosiyanasiyana kwa milungu yawo, pansi amuna. Kuti kotero maziko anali pansi pa Old Russian chikhalidwe.

Ndi theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma 9 mu moyo wa Asilavo anayamba zimasintha kwakukulu. Imfa ya Prince Svyatoslav chinali chiyambi cha kulimbirana pakati pa ana ake. Oleg anaphedwa ndi manja a m'bale wake Jaropolk, amene nawonso, kupha wapathengo Vladimir. Kukhala wolamulira mtheradi, iye amafuna kuti apambane chikondi cha anthu ndi kuletsa infighting, potero kulimbitsa wakale boma Russian. Anauka pa mfundo za chikunja, Vladimir woyamba chipembedzo motere chipembedzo amanga pa Kiev kachisi gulu bwino ulemu kuyambira ubwana wa milungu, ngakhale legitimizes anthu nsembe.

lamuloli Kodi singakwaniritse amphamvu pa nthawi Ufumu wa Byzantine, yomwe yakhala zaperekedwa kwa milungu woyamba natembenukira kwa Chikhristu. Vladimir, kuti m'tsogolo boma lake ulemerero monga mpweya kufunika kugwirizana ndi anzathu ake amphamvu. Mu mavuto zochitika, kalonga amasiya chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo akale ndi Chikhristu. Sitepe kunasintha. Culture ya boma wakale Russian, m'mene adalandira mpweya watsopano wa latsopano m'mbuyomu chikhalidwe osadziwika umayamba kusintha ndi kusintha.

kusintha bwanji mwamtheradi muzochitika zonse. Kulambira pabwalo Chikhristu zimachokeradi, mpingo uno inamangidwa. Mu akachisi a luso ndi zopezeka. Kuti kukachititsa misonkhano muyenera mabuku zipembedzo. Zonsezi zinkafuna zinthu zatsopano ndi umisiri watsopano. Old Russian chikhalidwe chinayamba zambiri. M'mizinda, tinayamba kumanga akachisi. Ena a iwo anamanga mu chakale, mtengo, koma pansi pa utsogoleri wa olamulira Greek ya mapulani Russian kuphunzira nyumba luso chilili cha mwala. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi ndi Limodzi Church ndi St. Sophia Cathedral ku Kiev, St. Sophia Cathedral ku Novgorod, Pskov Utatu ndi ena ambiri. Katswiri luso chithunzi kupenta, Zithunzi ndi frescoes. Ziwembu ali makamaka otengedwa zolemba za mpingo. Komanso akuonetsedwa akalonga ndi zochitika zofunika kwambiri pa moyo narodaa. Imodzi ndi kumanga akachisi mwala anayamba kumanga mpanda wamiyala zachifumu ndi nyumba yabwino. Tsopano chito wapadera ndi m'mbale zinali za miyala, koma anali basi aluso ndi okongola monga kale nkhuni.

Kutumikira mu makachisi watsopano ndi ntchito yaikulu yophunzitsa, amene kunachitidwa mwa anthu kwa zaka akusamba anakhalabe wachikunja, akatemera zinali zofunika. Choncho, yomanga mofulumira mchitidwe anayamba. Old Russian chikhalidwe chitukuko alitcha kwambiri kwa ansembe, ine ndikuganiza pa masiku amenewo stratum ambiri ophunzira a anthu. Amonke woyamba adadza onse kuchokera Greek chomwecho. Koma azaumulungu kwawoko msanga kutengera nzeru ndipo posakhalitsa okha ananyamula Mawu a Mulungu kwa anthu. Yotchuka kwambiri awa Kievskiy Illarion, Novgorod Luka Zhidiata, Pecherskiy Feodosy, komanso mmonke Nestor analemba "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", Nikon ndi ena.

Pamodzi ndi mamangidwe ndi zamulungu anayamba kulemba ndi kusindikizidwa. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti kulemba Russia anatuluka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity, pamene abale awiri, Cyril ndi Mifody anafika kuchokera Thessaloníki, analenga zilembo limene kulemba mabuku mpingo woyamba. Akatswiri ena a maganizo Chisililiki awo - izo zangokhala Chigilagoliti bwino, amene analipo kale kubwera kwa Chikhristu. Umboni wa zimenezi zimapezeka mu Preslav pa lolembedwa Chigilagoliti, chibwenzi ku 893 chaka, pamene ubatizo Vladimir anatenga malo okha mu chaka 988. Komabe, kuyambira cha m'ma 9 chinenero cha Chirasha latembenuzidwa mabuku ambiri Greek, malemba Ayuda ndi Suriya, monga "Alexandria" Alexander Wamkulu, ndipo Mbiri Hamartolos Sinkella, "Esther", ena ambiri. Old Russian chikhalidwe ndi chuma ndi zoweta wapadera zolembalemba zolengedwa. Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri ndi "Lay" ndi "The Life of Boris ndi Gleb", "Kiev-Pechersk patericon", "Kuyenda" abbot Daniel ndi ena. Choncho, pamodzi ndi mabuku a mpingo, pali biographies akalonga ndi akazembe nkhani za Maulendo wotchuka wathuwu, epics olembedwa ndi nthano.

Kuwonjezera mabuku, zomangamanga ndi luso lachipembedzo, malangizo atsopano mu chitukuko ali zamanja onse. Jewelers kulenga zapadera ndi kuvuta zokongoletsa, mbale woumba, amene chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa zosangalatsa, kukhala Russian folklore.

Chinthu chapadera cha chikhalidwe cha Russia ndi pocherpnuv zinthu zatsopano ndi mitundu yatsopano mu luso, Russian anthu asiye miyambo yawo tizitsatira pa zomangamanga ndi kupenta, ndi nyimbo, ndi luso zonse wapadera yake amakambirana.