Nzeru ya Age Chatsopano

Nthawi yaikulu nzeru za masiku ano - m'ma eto17-18. Pakuti gawo ili la chitukuko cha nthanthi maganizo amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa mbali zingapo. Izi 17 England zaka za m'ma nzeru zapamwamba (empiricism), motsogoleredwa ndi Fr. Bacon (1561-1626), Gobbs, Locke; rationality lotsogoleredwa ndi Descartes (1596-1650), Leibniz Spinoza; 18 m'ma nzeru ya Choonadi (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, Rousseau); French chuma cha m'ma 18 (La Mettrie, Holbach, Helvetius).

Nzeru za masiku ano makhalidwe ambiri omwe angathandize choncho. Kukula tima wa sayansi kumabweretsa kupeza zinthu, mwaukhondo anadziŵa malamulo. Aliyense wa Sciences anatsimikiza ndi mutu wake, mavuto liwulo zomwenso ake ndi chikhalidwe. Chizolowezi amakhala kulekana sayansi makamaka noticeable ndi nzeru.

The vuto lalikulu la sayansi ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe. Science amayamba kufufuza dziko, amene anazindikira momwe chikhalidwe, alipo pansi malamulo. Nthanthi iyi lidzasinthidwa thupi zokhudza dziko, kuti mukupanga nakatsegula malamulo enieni a zochitika thupi. Kwenikweni akutembenukira ku experimental sayansi. Social ndi sayansi yamakonoyi chinathandiza mapangidwe mbali ziwiri zazikulu, amene amapanga nzeru za masiku ano: empiricism ndi rationalism.

Empirism nzeru monga malangizo umaimiridwa ndi malo chiphunzitso cognition amene amazindikira yaikulu zinachitikira kwenikweni ndiwo chidziwitso.

Poyankha, mkati mwa empiricism anali mayendedwe monga n'zosatheka ndi chuma empiricism. Idealist empiricism kutsogoleredwa ndi George. Berkeley (1685-1753), Hume (1711-1776). Malinga ndi malangizo a Zimene wamba amaika maganizo, malingaliro, ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa dziko zinachitikira. Utsogoleri yachiwiri mkati empiricism anali chuma empiricism, anatsimikizira kuti Bacon ndi T.Gobbs. Oimira azimuth ichi amakhulupirira kuti gwero la zimene zinachitikira anthu a dziko kunja.

Rationalism Amaonetsa ndi zomveka akamanena za sayansi, kudziwa magwero ndi muyezo waukulu wa choonadi otchedwa malingaliro.

nzeru Rationalist a masiku ano analinso mu malangizo onse a utuluke angapo payekha. Chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso amatchedwa epistemology. Rationalism nzeru za masiku ano zochokera lingaliro ili. A munthu wake kukhala kuzungulira dziko kusintha. Company limatchula dziko kwa mfundo ndi maganizo awo. Munthu lake anakakamizika kusintha padzikoli. Kusinthaku anali wa khalidwe la bwino, izo ziyenera kulamulidwa ndi chidziwitso.

Epistemology ayenera kufotokozera chikhalidwe cha nzeru za anthu, malamulo ake, zolinga ndi mwayi. Iye akuphunzira njira za ntchito chidziwitso, ikufotokoza chidziwitso dongosolo, udindo wa zinthu chikhalidwe ndi zamoyo cognition, etc. Epistemology kugwirizana ndi maganizo, cybernetics, zilankhulo ndi sayansi zina zambiri.

Choncho, nzeru za makono kwa nthawi yoyamba comprehended ndi chododometsa wa sayansi mwa dongosolo epistemological wa empiricism ndi rationalism. Science anayamba kuwamva monga dongosolo la chidziwitso izi ndi zoona. Empiricists anaona gwero la chidziwitso zinachitikira, rationalists - m'maganizo. Lithe mfundo zimenezi Kant anayesa.

Pa nthawi kwa dongosolo latsopano mbuye anali ataliika patsogolo mwa njira inductive chidziwitso. Pakati pa nzeru ndi sayansi masiku ano kukhazikitsa ubale wolimba kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa zonse chithunzi sayansi yadziko.

Science kuchokera nthawi imeneyi amakhala njira nzeru ya dziko odziwika bwino kwambiri. Iwo wakhala mbali yofunika nkhani za maganizo aumunthu. Choncho, kunasintha kwambiri fanizo la dziko, wa munthu ndi wa sayansi yokha. Science limasonyeza kuti amuna zachilengedwe ndi kuthandiza chitukuko cha chitukuko wonse.