Nyali: Alendo ntchito. Palafini nyali, "Mwalirani Fledermaus"

Palafini - kapena madzi mandala ndi mthunzi chikasu, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha mafuta kuyenga. Osiyana yeniyeni fungo ndi kugwirizana wochuluka. Pali mitundu ingapo ya kugwirizana. Izo ntchito mafakitale ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ali ngati ndege mafuta a nyale. Mtengo wa ndi m'munsi kwambiri kuposa, mwachitsanzo, mafuta kapena dizilo.

Pakati pa mitundu ya hydrocarbon opangidwa nawo chidwi zimatengera kuyatsa nyali. Za iye, ndipo adzakhala zambiri zokhudza nkhani nkhaniyi.

Kupeza palafini

Amazing katundu mafuta kusintha makhalidwe awo chifukwa cha distillation anawona zaka zambiri zapitazo. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XVIII tinayamba ntchito mankhwala analandira chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi. Ngakhale zili choncho, asayansi analemba kuti chifukwa cha distillation wa mafuta kusintha mtundu wake ku mdima kuyatsa chikasu. Inafotokoza kuti, mosiyana ndi nkhani yoyambira, kuwala kuwalire chinthu mosavuta. kuzipenya awa anapanga maziko ntchito zina kupeza mafuta ndi palafini.

Palafini ndi kuwapeza mafuta ndi distillation, (kapena rectification). Yachiwiri - yobwezeretsanso ntchito 'golide wakuda ". Nthawi zina, zikuchokera ndi pansi hydrotreating zina. Zimenezi bwino khalidwe la thunthu. Chifukwa cha njira izi aromatics zili m'nkhaniyo ndi wofanana 14-30%.

Owala palafini kuwapeza palafini yosavuta. Pakuti yotsirizira iyi pansi pa hydrotreating. Ngati tikambirana ndondomeko izi kwa mankhwala amazionera, maatomu wa hydrogen Ufumuyo mamolekyulu hydrocarbon amapanga palafini. Chifukwa, mamolekyulu ndi wosweka chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi sulfure ndi zinthu zina. Choncho zigawo zikuluzikulu zosafunika achotsedwa.

kapangidwe

The zikuchokera palafini alibe bwino "maphikidwe". Iwo akhoza zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa mafuta, kumene kumachititsa kuti, komanso njira processing ake. Zinthu m'gulu zikuchokera, kukhala sichinasinthe. Kusintha yekha kuchuluka kwawo. Mbali yaikulu ndi wotanganidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimasanduka. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe a kusintha kwa thunthu yokha.

Zigawo za palafini ndi mitundu ya carbons zotsatirazi:

• Chepetsani aliphatic, amene zili zingasiyane 20 60% buku okwana.
• Naphthenic (20 50%).
• Bicyclic zonunkhira - 20 mpaka 30%.
• The zili chimasanduka unsaturated n'kutheka kuti 2%.

Yotsala kukhala zosafunika wa mpweya, sulfure ndi asafe mankhwala. Okhutira sulfure ya palafini chiwalitsiro si upambana peresenti 0,1 likuvutika ndondomeko hydrogenation.

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito

mafuta nyale ntchito mu nyale. Kaya dzina limene waukulu koma osati malo ake okha ntchito.

Imakhudzanso zipangizo kunyumba kwa magetsi kapena kuphika. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Palafini mbaula - Kutentha chipangizo, amene ntchito ponseponse. Pamene ntchito yake palibe kuyaka mwachindunji palafini, izo ukuphwera. Chifukwa ichi, palibe mapangidwe mwaye.
• Palafini mbaula, amene isiyana ndi mitundu yoyamba ija chifukwa chakuti udatha moto palafini. Choncho, ntchito zina otchedwa Vedas palafini sangakhale chifukwa mapangidwe zotheka mwaye.
• Primus, omwe ndi ofanana ndi burner mpweya. Kumasiyana yekha mtundu wina wa mafuta. Nthawi anatengedwa ndi alendo ndi asodzi.

Wina dera ntchito - makina omwe kudula zitsulo. Kuwanda m'madera amenewa chifukwa makamaka chakuti lawi la mu kuyaka amasuta palafini.

Komanso, mtundu uwu wa palafini ntchito ngati zosungunulira. Anagwiritsa ntchito kupanga zomatira, utoto, labala, panyumba (kukonza zovala, katundu wachikopa ndi zina zotero).

"Mwalirani Fledermaus"

Nyali anakhala kwa moni ambiri akale, amene ndifuna zina. anthu ochepa nazo kunyumba tsopano. Koma kodi inu muiwale izi? Mwachitsanzo, palafini nyali, "Mwalirani Fledermaus". Amene sakumbukira ake? Ndi chinachake mbadwa, zimene zikutikumbutsa mwana. Izi, ndithudi, si dzina lovomerezeka. Koma umo ndi momwe adaitanidwa anthu. Ndipo uyu anali kugwirizana ndi lawi kunjenjemera. Iye flickered, enveloping chingwe, omwe kawirikawiri unadulidwa mwake. Awa ndi kukumbukira zimene simukufuna kuiwala. Ambiri kuwatcha nyimbo. Choncho, tiyeni tionenso mwamsanga.

Palafini nyali "Mwalirani Fledermaus" ndipo anagulitsidwa pa mphindi. Zimakhala ulemerero zabwino za nyumba kapena khonde. Mtengo wake lero pafupi eyiti ndi zikwi theka rubles.

makhalidwe mankhwala

dongosolo bwino mfundo zimene chimatanthauza katundu zofunika zipangizo ndi mankhwala yapangidwa Russia. Ndi nazonso ndi nyali. GOST 11128-65 ndi GOST 4753-68 anapereka magawo zikuluzikulu zomwe ayenera kukwaniritsa, mafuta flammable.

Ngati inu ntchito palafini kuunikira, n'kofunika kuganizira msinkhu wa utsi mfundo, zili sulfure, pophulikira, ndi turbidity. Last index amadziwika luso hydrocarbon kuti kuwotcha pa otsika kutentha. Komanso, nyale palafini ayenera muli pazipita zotheka kuchuluka kwa malekezero kuwala (i.e., malire a chimasanduka aliphatic).

Mitundu ya kuunikira palafini

pawiri zimenezi mitundu ingapo, omwe ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Ambiri ndi nyali KO 25. Pamene anapanga yowala lawi kuyaka limene palibe mapangidwe mwaye ndi mankhwala ena zoipa. Komanso, pali kotereku owala palafini ngati DA 20, DA 22, DA-30.

mitundu yonse ndi okhutira chomwecho sulfure si maperesenti oposa 0,003 a chonse pamodzi. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi nambala asidi osati choposa ziwerengero wa 1.3%.

Palafini kuyatsa KO 30 ali osalimba wotsikitsitsa, amene ali magalamu 0,790 pa masentimita ³ pa kutentha madigiri 20. Chithunzi chomwecho, koma ndi osachepera magalamu 0,830 pa masentimita ^3, ukukamba KO-20.

Pophulikira kwa DA-30 ndi 48 madigiri. Kwa mitundu ina ya palafini, mtengo uwu si kugwa m'munsimu madigiri makumi anai. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mtambo imene mitundu yonse ya madigiri -15. Only owala palafini kalasi KO 20 ali ndi mtambo mfundo kutentha kwa madigiri opanda khumi.

Mtengo wa zinthu

Tiyeni tiwone m'mene mukufunira ndalama kugula palafini. mtengo wake kudzadalira zifukwa zambiri, monga pa makhalidwe ake.

Choncho mtengo kwa nyali KO 25 akuyamba pa rubles 35 pa kilogalamu, kapena masenti 50 pa lita, ngati kugula mu chochuluka. Mu chidebe cha buku ka mafuta amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri (za 70-100 rubles pa lita).

mafuta a nyali ndi chinthu chofunika otchuka pa nthawi ino. makhalidwe Universal kumulola kukhalabe kufunika m'madera ena a makampani ndi zoyendera.