Ndulu: kapangidwe, ntchito, matenda

Ndulu - peyala woboola pakati kapena conical dzenje thupi zomwe zili padziko chiwindi ndi pakati pomwe m'bwalo la lobes ake. Ntchito yaikulu ya ndulu ya - kudzikundikira komanso ambiri ya ndulu, komanso nthawi yake "potumiza" kudzera ambiri ndi enaake ritsa mu duodenum ndi.

anthu osiyana ndulu ali miyeso osiyana, kutalika ranges ake 5 mpaka 13-14 masentimita, m'lifupi - kuchokera masentimita 2 mpaka 4, ndi mphamvu 30-70 ml. Mu kukhalapo kwa zinthu pathological magawo awa zingasiyane kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka ndulu wolemekezeka thupi, pansi ndi khosi ndi wakupambana mu ritsa enaake. Makoma zigwirizana mitundu itatu ya zipolopolo: minofu, mucosa ndi connective. M'munsi padziko ndulu serosa chivundikirocho. Nembanemba mucous imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa makutu, mmodzi amene ili pakhosi ndipo anaitana heister valavu, mitundu pamodzi ndi ulusi sphincter minofu Lyutkensa. The connective minofu m'chimake ndi pakati ulusi minofu anakonza njira tubular opanda kulankhulana ndi M'mimbamo a chikhodzodzo, iwo amatchedwa chimachititsanso Luschka.

Chiwindi ndi ndulu zili bwino nusu chapamwamba, koma ndi ndulu dongosolo zimachitika mosiyana, chifukwa izo zimatengera thupi ndi zaka. kotunga magazi amachokera ndulu ya ndulu-vesical mtsempha wamagazi, zomwe kawirikawiri chochokera nthambi lamanja la kwa chiwindi mtsempha wamagazi, mtsempha ndi angapo anapangidwa kuchokera plexus venous, kuyenda mu nthambi ya m'mitsempha zipata, mkati chiwindi.

Pa kulandira ndulu chakudya yafupika pamodzi ndi izi kuthamanga limatuluka mu izo, kumene kungakhale 200-300 mamilimita madzi yachiwiri. Pambuyo pake, mu wamba ya ndulu ritsa akulowa ya ndulu kulimbikira. More kwambiri chiphaso ake anati pambuyo kumwa yolks dzira, nyama ndi mafuta masamba. Chidule cha ndulu ya m'malo mwa yosangalala ndi kudzaza chiwindi chake ya ndulu. The mwamphamvu kwambiri za ndondomeko izi zimachitika pa usiku.

zinthu Pathological ndi matenda ndulu yodziwika ndi ululu malo pomwe subcostal, nthawi zina ndi epigastrium ndi concomitant walitsa mu phewa ndi phewa olowa ndi ufulu tsamba phewa. Zikamera ndi intensification ululu anati pambuyo ka zakudya pachimake ndi mafuta, mazira, yokazinga zakudya, mowa, zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, komanso pambuyo zolemera ndi zofuna kukhetsa thukuta pansi kugwedera pa galimoto ndi neuropsychological overvoltage. Komabe, ndi matenda gallstone mulole zokha, popanda chifukwa akuoneka, pakutchulidwa ululu. Pamene dyskinesia mmene ndulu ululu limodzi ndi mavuto autonomic, mbali yomwe ozizira thukuta, nthambi dzanzi, khungu pallor, mutu ndi ena. Nthawi zambiri, matenda awa zimachitika ndi belching, nseru, mkwiyo pa kamwa, ndipo ena.

Mu pachimake kutukusira kwa ndulu palpation mu lamanja nusu chapamwamba zikuchepa chopweteka. Ululu, kukula ndi kupuma, wotchedwa chizindikiro Kera, mu malo atakhala - chizindikiro cha Murphy, soreness mu effleurage otsika pamodzi lamanja costal Chipilala - chizindikiro Ortner. Zizindikiro za kukhumudwa m'mimba komanso yanthanda pa nkhani ya peritonitis. Pamaso kutupa aakulu a chikhodzodzo ndulu si kupanga kukhalapo kwake anamva pa palpation mu lamanja nusu chapamwamba, komanso mfundo kuthamanga, ndipo palibe zizindikiro za cholecystitis.

Kusiyanitsa zotsatirazi zopindika a ndulu kuti: aplasia - sanamwe, hypoplasia - kuchepetsa kukula kwake, atresia - kuchepa kwa malo, anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri dystopia. Komanso, pali malformations osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, ndulu ndi unakhota a) zikuchitika kukhalapo kwa asymptomatic kapena matenda cholelithiasis kapena cholecystitis aakulu.