Mwachangu olimbana kutentha. Engine matenthedwe Mwachangu - chilinganizo cha kudziŵa

The ntchito mitundu ya makina amadziwika chimunthu ofunika kwambiri monga dzuwa olimbana kutentha. Akatswiri chaka chilichonse kufunafuna kuti akonze njira patsogolo kwambiri kuti ndi zochepa mafuta adzapereka bwino ntchito izo.

chipangizo kutentha injini

Musanayambe amadziwa Mwachangu (Mwachangu), muyenera kudziwa mmene limagwirira zimathandiza. Popanda chidziwitso cha mfundo za ntchito yake osati kuzindikira chikhalidwe cha chizindikiro ichi. Kutentha injini ndi chipangizo chimene chimagwira ntchito kupyolera mu kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mkati. injini aliyense kutentha zomwe otembenuka mphamvu matenthedwe ndi makina, matenthedwe kukula kwa zipangizo ntchito pa apamwamba kutentha. Machitidwe olimba boma akhoza osati kusintha buku la mankhwala, komanso mawonekedwe a thupi. Zimene ngati injini ndi kumvera malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe.

Mfundo ntchito

Kuti timvetse kodi kutentha injini, m'pofunika kuganizira maziko a kamangidwe kake. Pakuti ntchito chipangizo amafuna matupi awiri: otentha (chotenthetsera) ndi kuzizira (firiji, chiller). Mfundo ntchito injini kutentha (dzuwa la injini kutentha) zimatengera mtundu wawo. Nthawi zambiri firiji mutuluka nthunzi condenser ndi chotenthetsera - mtundu uliwonse wa mafuta woyaka mu ng'anjo. Mwachangu wa abwino injini kutentha ndi wa chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

Mwachangu = (Tnagrev -.. Tholod) / Tnagrev. × 100%.

Pankhaniyi, zenizeni galimoto Mwachangu sangakhoze konse upambana phindu analandira malinga ndi chilinganizo izi. Komanso, chithunzi ichi sadzamva upambana mfundo pamwamba. Kuti bwino, nthawi zambiri Kuonjezera ndi kuchepa kutentha kwa chotenthetsera kutentha kwa firiji. Onse njira zimenezi okha zinthu leni la zida.

Mwachangu kutentha injini (chilinganizo)

Ntchito, kutentha injini ntchito zikachitika, monga zomwe mpweya amayamba kutaya mphamvu ndipo utakhazikika ndi kutentha zina. Yotsirizira nthawi zambiri madigiri ochepa kuposa mpweya ozungulira. Kutentha ozizira. Chotero chipangizo wapadera anaikira kuzirala ndi wotsatira condensation wa utsi nthunzi. Kodi pali capacitors, nthawizina firiji kutentha m'munsimu yozungulira kutentha.

Kutentha injini thupi Kutentha komanso kukweza sangathe kutumiza mphamvu zake zonse za mkati kuchita ntchito. Ena cha kutentha adzakhala kunditumiza ku firiji pamodzi ndi mpweya utsi kapena nthunzi. Mbali imeneyi ya kutentha kwa mphamvu mkati ndi amatipeza anataya. Madzimadzi ntchito pa kuyaka wa mafuta ndi chotenthetsera afika wambiri zina kutentha Q _1. Choncho anachita ntchito ina A, imene transmits mbali ya firiji kutentha: Q ₂ 1.

Engine Mwachangu amadziwika Mwachangu mu kutembenuka mphamvu ndi HIV. chizindikiro ichi kawirikawiri anayeza monga anthu a. Mwachangu chilinganizo:

η * A / Qx100%, kumene Q - khama mphamvu, ndi - ndi ntchito zothandiza.

Zochokera m'chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu, tinganene kuti dzuwa ndi nthawi zosakwana umodzi. M'mawu ena, ntchito zabwino sadzamva kuposa anatenga mphamvu.

Engine Mwachangu - chiŵerengero mphamvu zothandiza kuti ntchito ananenedwa ndi chotenthetsera lapansi. Iwo akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati chilinganizo ndi:

η = (Q ₁ -Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ momwe Q ₁ - kutentha analandira kuchokera chotenthetsera, ndipo Q ₂ - kupereka firiji.

Ntchito kutentha injini

ntchito ndi injini kutentha, kuchita masamu mfundo:

A = | Q _H | - | Q _X | kumene A - ntchito, Q _H - kuchuluka kwa kutentha analandira kuchokera chotenthetsera ndi, Q _X - kuchuluka kwa kutentha kuperekedwa kuchokera ozizira.

Mwachangu kutentha injini (chilinganizo):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

Iye ndi chiŵerengero cha ntchito imene imapangitsa injini ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha umatulutsa. Part wa mphamvu matenthedwe amatayika pa kusintha.

Carnot injini

Mwachangu pazipita injini matenthedwe zimawonedwa mu chipangizo Carnot. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti dongosolo lino chimadalira yekha pa kutentha Mtheradi wa chotenthetsera (TH) ndi ozizira (TX). Mwachangu kutentha injini zikugwira ntchito malingana ndi Carnot mkombero anatsimikiza ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

(TN - TX) / TN = - TX - TN.

Malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe kuwerengera analola Mwachangu pazipita, zomwe ndi zotheka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chithunzi uyu masamu wasayansi French ndi injiniya Sadi Carnot. Iye anatulukira kutentha injini, amene opareshoni ndi mafuta abwino. Iye amagwira ntchito mu mkombero wa isotherms 2 2 heats. Momwe ntchito ndi losavuta: kwa chotengera ndi chotenthetsera mpweya umaperekedwa kukhudza, kotero kuti madzimadzi ntchito zambiri isothermally. Pankhaniyi umagwira ndipo amalandira wina kuchuluka kwa kutentha. Pambuyo chotengera mumakhala. Ngakhale izi, mpweya likupitiriza kukula, koma adiabatically (popanda kuwombola kutentha ndi chilengedwe). Panthawi imeneyi, kutentha kwake amachepetsa kuti ntchito firiji. Pa nthawi imeneyi mpweya ndi analankhulana ndi condenser ndi, umene umakhalapo wina kuchuluka kwa kutentha pa chidule isometric. Ndiye mumakhala chotengera kachiwiri. Pamene mpweya ndi adiabatically wothinikizidwa kuti boma oyambirira ndi buku.

mitundu

Masiku ano pali mitundu ya injini kutentha ntchito mfundo zosiyana ndi mafuta osiyana. Onsewo ali ndi dzuwa awo. Zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi:

• eni kuyaka injini (pisitoni), chimene chiri limagwirira kumene gawo moto wa mphamvu mafuta mankhwala ali n'kukhala mphamvu mawotchi. zipangizo wotero mpweya ndi madzi. Kusiyanitsa 2- ndi 4-sitiroko injini. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi ntchito mkombero wa opareshoni mosalekeza. Mu kufanizira kwa yokonza ngati mafuta zosakaniza ndi injini carbureted (ndi kunja kusakaniza mapangidwe) ndi dizilo (mkati). Ndi mtundu wa Converter mphamvu anawagawa pisitoni, ndege, chopangira mphamvu ndi ophatikizana. Mwachangu makina Sikuti upambana chandamale cha 0.5.

• Stirling injini - chipangizo chimene madzimadzi ntchito ndi m'chingalawa. Ndi mtundu wa injini kuyaka kunja. Mfundo ntchito zake zimakhala zochokera pa nthawi kuzirala / Kutentha thupi zokolola mphamvu chifukwa kusintha mphamvu ya mawu ake. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa injini kothandiza kwambiri.

• chopangira mphamvu (makina) injini ndi kuyaka kunja mafuta. Zomera zimenezi ndi ambiri matenthedwe mphamvu okwerera.

• The chopangira mphamvu (ozungulira), ndi mkati injini kuyaka ntchito zomera matenthedwe mphamvu mode pachimake. Osati kwambiri wamba ena.

• Turbinovintovoy injini chifukwa ena zomangira za amalenga adaponya. zotsalazo alandira chifukwa mpweya wa utsi. matabwa ake ndi makina injini (mpweya chopangira mphamvu), kutsinde amene anakankhira tinakwera.

zina injini kutentha

• mzinga, turbojet ndi kwakusiyana injini, amene analandira adaponya chifukwa mmene mipweya utsi.

• abulusa Olimba boma ntchito ngati mafuta olimba. Ntchito, sizisintha buku lake, ndi mawonekedwe. Pamene ukugwira ntchito zipangizo ntchito ndi yaing'ono kwambiri kutentha kusiyana.

Monga angadwale Mwachangu

Kaya kuwonjezera dzuwa la kutentha injini zotheka? Yankho lake liyenera anafuna mu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Iwo amafufuza kusintha tonse osiyanasiyana mphamvu. Pali umboni kuti n'zosatheka kuti atembenuke zilipo matenthedwe mphamvu zonse zamagetsi, makina ndi m. N. Pakuti akatembenuka iwo mu kutentha chikuchitika popanda malamulo alionse. Zimenezi n'zotheka chifukwa chakuti chikhalidwe cha mphamvu matenthedwe zochokera disordered (wachisokonezo) zoyenda wa particles.

The mphamvu thupi kutenthetsa, kotero kudzalimbikitsa chigawo mamolekyulu ake mofulumira. Chisonyezo cha particles adzakhala zambiri zosathandiza. Pamodzi ndi izi, aliyense akudziwa kuti dongosolo mosavuta inasanduka chisokonezeko, amene ali ovuta kwambiri bungwe.