Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo a zachuma amene amaphunzira njira zimene zimachitika pa mlingo wa chuma cha dziko lonse

Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo a zachuma amene amaphunzira ntchito, dongosolo, khalidwe komanso kupanga zisankho mu chuma chonse osati ake mabungwe munthu, zigawo kapena misika, anaphunzira pa mlingo yaying'ono. Ikufotokoza dziko, dera ndi dziko lonse mbali. Micro- ndi macroeconomics muli njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu kuphunzira chuma.

tanthauzo

Macroeconomics (ndi manambala oyambirira "zazikulu" m'Chigiriki amatanthauza "chachikulu") amaphunzira zizindikiro akaphatikiza monga mankhwala aakulu m'banja, ulova akalozera mtengo ndi ubwenzi pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chuma. cholinga Aika - ndi kupeza yankho la funso la momwe chirichonse ntchito. Macroeconomists zikugwira ntchito yomanga zitsanzo amene amafotokoza za ubale pakati pa zizindikiro monga kupanga ndalama dziko, kufufuma, ulova, ndalama, mowa, chuma, malonda ndi zachuma. Ngati yaying'ono mlingo asayansi kufufuza wothandizila makamaka munthu kanthu ndi misika munthu, chuma kuoneka ngati m'dongosolo limene zinthu zonse ndi zogwirizana ndi bwanji kupambana kapena kulephera.

phunziro la

Izi ndi malo waukulu kwambiri. Komabe, tikhoza kunena kuti macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo a zachuma amene amaphunzira zinthu ziwiri zazikulu:

• Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kusinthasintha ndalama dziko mu nthawi yochepa. Kuti ndi malonda mkombero.
• Determinants kukula zachuma yaitali. Kuti ali wokha ndalama dziko.

Zazikulu za citukuko zitsanzo ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ndi thandizo la Zoneneratu izi ntchito ndi maboma dziko la chitukuko ndi kufufuza mwini ndalama ndi zachuma mfundo zawo.

mfundo zofunika

Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo a zachuma amene amaphunzira chuma cha dziko lonse. Choncho palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti limafotokoza zosiyanasiyana Ziganizo ndi zosintha. Komabe, pali nkhani zikuluzikulu zitatu za kafukufuku zazikulu za citukuko. Chiphunzitso zikhoza kugwirizana ndi kupanga, ulova, kapena kufufuma. Mfundo zimenezi ndi zofunika kwa nthumwi zonse chuma, osati chifukwa ofufuza.

kupanga

ndalama National ndi muyeso buku okwana zonse umabala boma kwa nyengo zina za nthawi. Chifukwa macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati m'dera la zachuma amene amaphunzira lonse dziko chuma chonsecho, m'pofunika kupenda kupanga osati mawu thupi komanso phindu. Nkhani komanso ndalama ali amaona ofanana. Iwo zambiri zimaonekera malinga mankhwala aakulu m'banja kapena a dongosolo la nkhani national zizindikiro. The ofufuza, amene zikugwira yaitali chiyembekezo cha kusintha linanena bungwe, kuphunzira bwino chuma. Otsiriza zimakhudza zinthu monga kupititsa patsogolo luso, kudzikundikira zida ndi zinthu zina likulu, kusintha kwa maphunziro. m'zinthu Business zikhoza yochepa kuchepa kupanga ie mavuto otchedwa. ndondomeko National ayenera umalimbana kupewa awo ndi ikuyenda bwino chuma.

ulova

Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo chiphunzitso zachuma, kumene monga tatchulazi, wakhala akuphunzira mfundo zitatu. Ulova - mmodzi wa iwo. mlingo wake chimaonekera mwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ulova. kuchuluka Izi si monga anthu anapuma ndi ophunzira. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ulova:

• Zachikhalidwe. Umaoneka unakhazikitsidwa mu msika ntchito, malipiro abwino kwambiri, kotero makampani safuna ganyu ndodo zina.
• Kukhululukirana. Mtundu wa ulova kumachitika chifukwa chakuti kufufuza malo atsopano ntchito - ngakhale pali wantchito abwino - zimatenga nthawi.
• Kapangidwe. Limafotokoza gawo lonse la subspecies, amene ogwirizana ndi kukonzanso kwa zachuma. Pankhaniyi pali mismatch pakati luso lilipo ndipo anthu maluso ofunika pa ntchito. Vuto limeneli m'posavuta mogwirizana ndi Makina ndi computerization wa chuma.
• Ozungulira. lamulo Okun amanena za ubwenzi wazotsatira pakati pa kukula zachuma ndi ulova. peresenti atatu kuwonjezeka kupanga amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu ntchito 1%. Komabe, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ulova mosalephera pa recessions.

kufufuma

Macroeconomics anatsimikiza osati kupanga ndi chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito ntchito. Chofunika, khalidwe la mitengo ya katundu wa ogula mtanga. kusintha awa anayeza ntchito zolozera yeniyeni. Kufufuma kumachitika pamene chuma cha dziko "kutenthedwa", kukula wayamba kuchitika mofulumira. Pankhaniyi, macroeconomy ndi limanenedwa ngati m'dera la zachuma amene amaphunzira njira imene mukhoza kudziletsa yobweretsa ndalama ndi kuteteza kuyenda ulendo mtengo. Pamaziko a mfundo zake zochokera boma ndalama ndi ndondomeko zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kufufuma angathe kuonjezera chiwongola dzanja kapena kuchepetsa yobweretsa ndalama. Kusowa kwa mtundu uliwonse anali zochita ogwira m'mphepete chapakati kungachititse kuti njakata mu chikhalidwe ndi mavuto ena negative. Komabe, ayenera kumvetsa kuti deflation zingathandize kuti kuchepetsa zokolola. Choncho, n'kofunika ziziyenda mitengo, osalola kuti kwanthawi aliyense zipani.

zitsanzo zazikulu za citukuko

Pofuna kufotokoza bwino mmene lonse ndi dziko chuma, ntchito zithunzi. Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati malo a zachuma amene amaphunzira atatu mitundu ikuluikulu zitsanzo:

1. AD-AS. Chitsanzo cha kotunga akaphatikiza ndi kufunika bwino akulingalira onse yochepa yaitali.
2. KODI-LM. Ndandanda yopulumutsa ndalama - osakaniza kusamala ndalama ndi chofunika misika.
3. kukula chitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso Roberta Solou.

Monetary ndi ndondomeko chandalama

Macroeconomics kawirikawiri chimatanthauza m'dera la chiphunzitso, maganizo ndi zolosera kuti zikhoza kuchita. Ndipo zimenezi n'zoona. Ziziyenda chuma kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndondomeko ndalama ndi zachuma. Cholinga chachikulu cha njira imeneyi - kukwaniritsa kukula GDP likuvutika ntchito nthawi zonse.

mfundo Monetary wochititsidwa ndi mabanki chapakati ndi amagwirizana ndi kulamulira mwa kundipatsako ndalama kudzera njira zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, boma akhonza kumupatsa ndalama kugula kumangidwa kapena zinthu zina zofunika. Izi kuchepetsa mitengo chidwi. Malamulo a ndalama sangakhale ogwira chifukwa cha liquidity msampha. Ngati kufufuma ndi chidwi mitengo pafupi ziro miyezo miyambo sizikugwira ntchito. Pankhaniyi, zingakuthandizeni, monga easing kachulukidwe.

mfundo zachuma zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito revenues anthu ndi ndalama kwa zimakhudza chuma. Tiyerekeze, chuma cha dziko pali osakwanira mphamvu magwiritsidwe. boma kuwonjezera ndalama zake polumikiza ndi multiplier tingati ndi tingathe kuona kuwonjezeka mu linanena bungwe la katundu.

Mbiri ya chiphunzitso cha chitukuko

Macroeconomics limanenedwa ngati makampani kuti anatuluka zokambirana za kayendedwe ka bizinesi. Kuchuluka chiphunzitso cha ndalama anali wotchuka kwambiri nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Imodzi mwa Mabaibulo ake a Irving Fisher. Ndi iyeyonso ndi odziwika aone kuti pali: M (ndalama zothetsera) * V (mlingo awo aziyenda) = P (mtengo mlingo) * Q (linanena bungwe). Ludwig Von Mises woimirira wa sukulu Austria, mu 1912 anafalitsa pepala mu mitu zazikulu chuma munali kwa nthawi yoyamba. Iwo anapanga chiphunzitso pambuyo Great Depression. Mu mawonekedwe yamakono ya macroeconomics anayamba kufalitsa Dzhona Meynarda Keynes 'General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Money. " gawo Komanso kafukufuku monga nthumwi lonse kuchokera kumbali zonse, makamaka monetarists ndi Wachiwiri-zachikhalidwe.